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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 项目/工程管理 > 托福阅读tpo2TheOriginsofCetaceans鲸类的起源原题解析
阅读原文:?Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke1andblowhole2cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.众所周知,鲸类动物是哺乳动物,如鲸鱼、鼠海豚和海豚。它们用肺呼吸,而不是鳃,属于胎生。鲸类动物呈流线型的身体,后腿的消失,尾片和气孔的出现,这些特征都不能掩饰它们和陆生哺乳动物的相似之处。然而,想知道世上第一只鲸长什么样并非易事,不像还原海獭及鳍足类动物(四肢水陆两用如海豹,海狮,海象)的原貌那么简单。一些完全水生的鲸类动物虽然已经灭绝,但仍可通过化石来对它们进行考察。陆栖哺乳动物和海洋鲸类之间有何联系?近期发现的化石已经可以很清晰地帮助人们了解这个问题,以及他们之间的过渡关系。Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.科学家们通过一些令人振奋的发现重现了鲸类动物几近真实的起源。1979年,在巴基斯坦北部,一个寻找化石的考察队发掘到了最古老的鲸鱼化石。这块化石被官方命名为Pakicetus,以纪念人们发现它的地方。这块化石是在一条河的沉积岩中发现的,这条河有5200万年的历史,离古地中海不远.Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestorsofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.Pakicetus包括一个完整原始动物的头盖骨,它的主人是现代鲸类的祖先。尽管只是个头盖骨,但它却提供了研究原始鲸类动物起源的珍贵信息。这个头盖骨和鲸类动物的很像,但它的下颌骨和现代鲸类略有不同,现代鲸类动物的下颌骨中含有额外的空间储存脂肪或者油脂来吸收水下的声音。Pakicetus的主人可能会像陆生哺乳动物那样通过张开的耳朵来探测声音。另外,这个头盖骨没有呼吸孔,而鲸类动物有,这便是鲸类动物为了适应水生环境的另一种适应性表现。然而,专家认为Pakicetus的其它特征表明它们是已灭绝的食肉哺乳动物(中兽科动物)和鲸类动物的过渡型。有人认为Pakicetus靠吃浅水的鱼类为生,未能适应在辽阔的大海里生活。它们很有可能在陆地进行生育繁殖。AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.1989年,在埃及有了另一个重大发现。人们在古地中海残留的沉积物中发现了另一类早期鲸鱼Basilosaurus的一些骨骸,这些骨骸如今暴露在撒哈拉大沙漠上。Basilosaurus生活在大约4000万年前,比Pakicetus鲸鱼晚了1200万年。尽管发现的这些骨骼并不完整,但这是专家们第一次在原始动物身上发现完整的后肢,它有三个小脚趾作为的足部特征。可这些后肢还太小,远无法支撑50英尺长的Basilosaurus在陆地行走。因此,Basilosaurus必定是完全水生的鲸鱼,它们的后肢已经不起任何作用,或者说已经退化.Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.ThenowextinctwhaleAmbulocetusnatans(thewalkingwhalethatswam)livedintheTethysSea49millionyearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbeforeBasilosaurus.Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea.Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeansoflocomotioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.Onland,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundverymuchlikeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea.1.Fluke:thetwopartsthatconstitutethelargetriangulartailofawhale2.Blowhole:aholeinthetopoftheheadusedforbreathing1994年,巴基斯坦报道了一个更令人兴奋的发现。目前已经灭绝的鲸鱼Ambulocetusnatans(可以步行的鲸类)4900万年前曾在古地中海生活过。比Pakicetus晚大约300万年,比Basilosaurus早900万年左右。幸运的是,被发现的Ambulocetusnatans保留着完整的后肢。它的后肢很强壮,底部有长足,非常像现在的鳍足类动物。这些后肢使得他们既能在陆地行走又能在海里游行。虽然Ambulocetusnatans保留了尾巴,但它们缺少现代水生鲸类动物用于行动的主要身体部位——尾片。不过,从Ambulocetus的脊椎结构上可以看出,即使缺少尾片,它们也能像现代鲸鱼那样通过身体背部的上下摆动来游走。大的后肢通常被当作是水中前行的发动机。在它们可能交配繁殖的陆地上,Ambulocetus行动起来非常像现代海狮。毫无疑问,鲸鱼是连接着陆地生命和海洋生命的物种。第1题:Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholeincetaceans?A:Itclearlyindicatesthatcetaceansaremammals.B:Itcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.C:Itisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals.D:Itcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.解析:根据blowhole查找原文,找到:thepresenceofafluke1andblowhole2cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.选项B正确,是对该句的同义改
本文标题:托福阅读tpo2TheOriginsofCetaceans鲸类的起源原题解析
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