unit1-词类转换.

UnitOneOfferCollegeBusinessEnglishACourseforTranslation商务英语翻译南阳理工学院外语系2教学目标：1.掌握概念：offer,validitytimeofoffer,withdrawalofoffer,revocationofoffer,terminationofoffer,CISG2.了解英汉翻译中译者应具备的能力3.掌握英汉翻译中词类转换的概念、方式及技巧教学重点与难点：教学重点：英汉翻译中词类转换：英汉互译中的词类转换教学难点：英汉互译中词类转换技巧的运用OutlineUnit13I.译者应具备的能力翻译过程是一种语言转化过程。从语言学的角度来看，翻译涉及跨语言、跨文化的内容。从译者角度看：译者应具备一定的外语水平能力、母语水平能力、知识水平能力和应用水平能力。外语水平能力：对原文的表层及深层意义的理解力。母语水平能力：表达能力。（决定译文质量）知识水平能力：译者必须具备专业知识。应用水平能力：译者必须具备较强的翻译能力—理解、选词、表达等综合能力。SectionIMethodandTechniqueUnit14II.词类转换“英语和汉语分属于两个截然不同的语系，英语属于印欧语系（Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily）日耳曼语族（Germanicbranch）西日耳曼语支（WestGermanicDialect），汉语属于汉藏语系（Sino—TibetanFamily）。由于英汉两种语言在词汇和语法结构方面有很多不同，因此，在英译汉时很难将两种语言的词汇或结构一一对应。SectionIMethodandTechniqueUnit1SectionIMethodandTechnique5为使译文既忠实于原文又符合汉语习惯，翻译时需要将源语中属于某种词性的词语翻译成目的语中属于另一种词性的词语，即适当地把原文中某些词类转换成译文的另一种词类，这就是‘词类转换’”。部分原因：（1）英语主谓机制突出，句子中往往动词少，名词多，尤其是抽象名词多，常靠词的形态变化来表达意思。（2）汉语没有形态变化，重动态描写，汉语动词多，表达意思时往往借助动词，按时间及逻辑顺序层层交代。（3）英译汉时，英语中的许多意思可以借助汉语的动词来表示。SectionIMethodandTechniqueUnit1SectionIMethodandTechnique6III.Conversion3.1ConversioninEnglish-ChineseTranslation3.2ConversionsinChinese-EnglishTranslationSectionIMethodandTechniqueUnit1SectionIMethodandTechnique7Conversion,oneofthecommonlyadoptedtranslationtechniques,meansthechangeofpartsofspeechintranslation.OwingtothesyntacticaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese,itisusuallyimpossibleforatranslatortokeeptotheoriginalpartofspeechintheprocessoftranslation.ConversionUnit18OriginalEnglish:Thiswatchnevervariesmorethanasecondinamonth.ChineseVersion:这块表一个月的误差从不超过一秒钟。TheEnglishverb“vary”canhardlyberenderedintoChinesebythesamepartofspeechwithoutspoilingtheoriginalmeaning.Asamatteroffact,awordbelongingtoacertainpartofspeechinonelanguagesometimeshastobeconvertedintoadifferentpartofspeech,soastobringforthareadableandcoherentsentence.ConversionUnit19ConversionintoVerbsConversionintoNounsConversionintoAdjectivesConversionintoAdverbsConversionofSentenceElementsConversioninE-CTR.Unit110OneofthemostremarkabledifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesesyntaxistheuseoftheverb.ItistakenforgrantedthatanEnglishsentencecontainsnomorethanonepredicateverb,whileinChineseitisnotunusualtohaveclustersofverbsinasimplesentence.ConvertingintoVerbsUnit111OriginalEnglish:Familiesupstairshavetocarrypailstothehydrantdownstairsforwater.ChineseVersion:住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。FiveverbsareclusteredintheChineseversionforanEnglishsimplesentence.ThisindicatesobviouslythatinEnglish-ChinesetranslationtheconversionofEnglishwordsofvariouspartsofspeechintoChineseverbsisamatterofcommonoccurrence.Unit1ConvertingintoVerbs12NounsConvertedintoVerbsThesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已被用来探索宇宙。IthinkmylittlebrotherisabetterteacherthanI.我认为我的小弟弟比我教得好。Unit1ConvertingintoVerbs13英语中的一些短语，如“具备动态概念的名词+of+名词”这种结构，或者“make/have+冠词+名词”，作为中心主体词的名词在翻译成汉语往往可转译程动词。由动词加-a(e)nce,-tion,-ment等词缀构成的名词,英译汉时常译成动词。英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher（教师），thinker（思想家）等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。Unit1ConvertingintoVerbs14PrepositionsConvertedintoVerbs“Coming!”Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheverandah,andintotheporch...“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。Partyofficialsworkedlonghoursonmeagerfood,incoldcaves,bydimlamps.党的干部每天长时间工作，吃的是粗茶淡饭，住的是冰冷的窑洞，点的是黯淡的油灯。Unit1ConvertingintoVerbs15AdjectivesConvertedintoVerbsManyEnglishadjectivesafteralinkverbindicatingone’sconsciousness,feelings,emotions,desires,etc.,arealwaysconvertedintoChineseverbs.这些形容词有：1)与思维和知觉有关的形容词：aware，conscious，sure，mindful，alert等；2)与情感有关的形容词：glad，pleased，cautious，happyexhilarated，excited，confidentthankful，grateful，concerned，eager,afraid，doubtful，sorry等；3)与欲望有关的形容词：desirous，hopeful，anxious，keen，enthusiastic，zealous等。Unit1ConvertingintoVerbs16Doctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的生命。Wewerenotafraidofthefuturebecauseofabomb.Weareafraidofbombsbecausewehavenofaithinthefuture.我们不是因为有了原子弹而害怕将来，而是因为对将来没有信心而害怕原子弹。Thefactthatshewasabletosendamessagewasahint.ButIhadtobecautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。Unit1ConvertingintoVerbs17AdverbsConvertedintoVerbsHispoorhealthforcehimawayfromEngland.健康不佳迫使他离开英国。Whentheswitchisoff,thecircuitisopenandelectricitydoesn’tgothrough.当开关断开时，电路就形成开电路，电流不能通过。Inthiscasethetemperatureinthefurnaceisup.这种情况下，炉温就升高。Unit1ConvertingintoVerbs18NounsaccountforanoverwhelmingpartofthevocabularybothinChineseandEnglish.ConversionbetweennounsandotherpartsofspeechisalsofrequentlyadoptedinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.VerbsConvertedintoNounsAdjectivesConvertedintoNounsPronounsConvertedintoNounsUnit1ConvertingintoNouns19VerbsConvertedintoNounsSomeverbsderivedfromnounsmaybetranslatedintoChinesenouns.Suchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。Tothem,hepersonifiedtheabsolutepower.在他们看来，他就是绝对权力的化身。Thedesignaimsatautomaticoperation,easyregulation,simplemaintenanceandhighproductivity.设计的目的在于自动操作，