Language_and_Social_Culture(II)

1LanguageandSocialCulture(2)2KeypointsRegisterEthnicVarietiesFeaturesofBlackEnglishSapir-WhorfHypothesisLanguagePlanningOfficialLanguage3RegisterDefinition:alanguagevarietyassociatedwithaparticularsituationofuse,e.g.babytalkandlegallanguage.AccordingtoHalliday,threesocialvariablesdeterminetheregister:i.Fieldofdiscourse话语范围(语场)ii.Tenorofdiscourse话语基调(语旨)iii.Modeofdiscourse话语方式(语式)4Fieldofdiscourse(话语范围):whatisgoingon,purposeandsubject-matterofcommunicationTechnicalvs.non-technicalTenorofdiscourse（话语基调）:theroleofrelationshipinthesituation,who,towhomThelevelofformalityModeofdiscourse（话语方式）:themeansofcommunication,howAlectureonbiology5Example:aforeignlanguagelessoninasecondaryschoolField:languagestudy.Teacherimparting,studentsacquiringknowledgeTenor:teacher-students.Fixedrolerelationshipsdefinedbytheschool.Formal.Mode:languageusedforinstructionanddiscussionChannel:spokenandwritten.Thethreevariablesarethefeaturesofthecontextofsituationwhichdeterminecollectivelythefeaturesoflanguageappropriatetothesituation,i.e.register.6Ethnicdialect:definitionandexampleEthnicvarietiesareusedbyethnicgroupsandregardedassocialdialect.Asocialdialectspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulation.LikeothervarietiesofEnglish,BlackEnglishhasitsownfeatures.7WhatlinguisticfeaturesofBlackEnglishdoyouknow?DoyouthinkBlackEnglishisanillogicalandinferiorvarietyofEnglish?Why(not)?8BlackEnglishisasocialdialectspokenbynon-middle-classAmericanBlacks.Itisconsideredas“bad,poororuneducated”speech.Suchanevaluationissociallyprejudiced.LikeothervarietiesofEnglish,BlackEnglishhasitsownfeaturesatphonological,morphological,syntactic,andlexicallevel.i.consonantdeletionrule(passed,mend,deskandtold)ii.copulaverbdeletioniii.Doublenegation9LanguageandCultureThecloserelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturehaslongbeenthefocusoflinguisticstudy.Manylinguistshavecometorealizethatlanguageandculturearesoinextricablyrelatedthatyoucannotunderstandorappreciatetheonewithoutaknowledgeoftheother.Languageandcultureisinadialecticalrelationship.Everylanguageispartofaculture,anditservesandreflectsculturalneeds.101.2Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.117.2.1.2Sapir-Whorfhypothesis•TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisasweknowittodaycanbebrokendownintotwobasicprinciples:linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.12Sapir-WhorfHypothesisLinguisticdeterminism(语言决定论):语言决定思维Linguisticrelativity(语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言的不同而不同。13MoreabouttheSapir-Whorfhypothesis:Thestrongversion(强式说):EmphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatternsTheweakversion(弱式说):Suggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,thecross-culturaldifferencesproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative.14印欧语言：严式语言----→严式思维轨迹----→构造分析----→逻辑演绎----→智性精神汉语：宽式语言----→宽式思维轨迹----→整体领悟----→类比联想----→悟性精神15TheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.16OtherLinguisticevidencesofculturaldifferencesTermsofaddressGreetingsThanksandcomplimentsPrivacyandtaboosColorterminology17英汉习俗差异是多方面的，最典型的莫过于在对狗这种动物的态度上。狗在汉语中是一种卑微的动物。汉语中与狗有关的习语大都含有贬意：“狐朋狗党”、“狗急跳墙”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”等，尽管近些年来养庞物狗的人数大大增加，狗的“地位”似乎有所改变，但狗的贬义形象却深深地留在汉语言文化中。而在西方英语国家，狗被认为是人类最忠诚的朋友。英语中有关狗的习语除了一部分因受其他语言的影响而含有贬义外，大部分都没有贬义。在英语习语中，常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如Youarealuckydog（你是一个幸运儿），Everydoghashisday（凡人皆有得意日），Olddogwillmotlearnmewtricks（老人学不了新东西）等等。形容人“病得厉害”用sickasadog，“累极了”是dog-tired。与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲呢的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。18•龙在中国人民的心目中占有崇高的位置，有关龙的成语非常多，且含有褒义。如“龙跃凤鸣”、“龙骧虎步”等。在外国语言中，赞扬龙的词语非常之少，且含有贬义。如“dragon”指凶暴的人，严厉的人，凶恶严格的监护人，凶恶的老妇人（尤指很少给在其看管下姑娘自由的老妇人）等。以dragon组成的词组也多含贬义。如dragon’steeth：相互争斗的根源；排列或多层的楔形反坦克混克混凝土障碍物。theoldDragon：魔鬼。19CulturaloverlapanddiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultureB.LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon,kongfu,tofu,tea,etc.20•TheWatergateexample:•Thewatergate:美国华盛顿特区一综合大厦，1972年6月17日夜间共和党争取总统连任委员会有关人员潜入大厦内民主党全国委员会总部而被捕，暴露了共和党政府在总统竞选中的非法活动，导致美国历史上首次的总统辞职(尼克松)。水门事件式丑闻，丑闻•ThissuffixenjoysarichproductivityinAmericanEnglish.Wordsderivedfromthissourceinevitablytakeonaculturallypejorativeimplicationtoreferto“thedisclosuresofmisconductinhighplaces”(被揭发出来的高层丑闻).21Netspeak网络语言顶(支持)555(呜呜呜)粉丝(fans)mm/MM(妹妹)LZ(楼主)DD/dd(弟弟)88(拜拜)偶(我)马甲(ID)沙发斑竹(版主)稀饭(喜欢)汗或寒(敬畏)晕(非常惊异)ps/PS(photoshop的简称)灌水(发帖子)ddd(顶顶顶)bs/BS(鄙视)ms(貌似)滴(的、地)22LanguageChangeLanguageisinstateofconstantchange.ThedevelopmentofEnglishisusuallydividedintothreemajorperiods.OldEnglishperiodisconsideredtohavelastedfrom449to1100.MiddleEnglishperiodisfrom1100to1500,andtheModernEnglishfrom1500tothepresent.Thecharacterizationofthechangesthatalanguagecangothroughmayinvolvedistinguishing显著的sortsofchange.23CausesofLanguageChangeHistoricalcauseSocialcausePragmaticandPsychologicalcauseScientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentPoliticalcauseTheincreaseofinternationalContact24LexicalChangeTher