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ModelsforUnderstandingHistoryUnderlyingeverytextbookandeveryhistoricalworkareasetofoftenun-acknowledgedassumptionsabouthowhistoryworks.Everyonewhowrites,reads,orthinksabouthistoryhasa“model”intheirmindwhichhelpsthemtointerpretandassemblethefactsofhistory.These“models”canbesortedintothreebroadcategories.(基本上所有的课本和历史相关的作品都是一系列常常不被承认的关于历史怎样发展的假设。每个写历史、读历史或是思考历史的人在脑海中都有一个模型,用以帮助他们说明和收集历史的真相。这些模型可以被分为三大类。)ModelAisthedominantmodelforhistoriansinthe20thcentury.Thereisawidespreadandalmostunshakablebeliefthatthehistoryofmankindisarecordofprogressandthatfutureprospectsarebright.Thereareanumberofcomfortingimplicationsthatcomewithadoptingthisview.It’sveryflatteringtooneselfandone’scontemporaries,sincebyimplicationeveryonecurrentlyalivehasmadeprogressoverallthosefolkswhoaredead.Italsoallowsonetofacethefuturewithoptimism,sinceasmoretimepasses,moreprogresswillbemade.Onecanseethismodelclearlyinthe19thcenturyGermanhistorianssuchasHegel,whosawallofhistoryleadinguptoitsfulfillmentintheunifiedGermanstateofBismarckwithKaiser(Emperor)Wilhelm.ThereisagreatdealofAmericanhistorywrittentofitthismold,too.Thosewhobelieveinan“evolving”Constitutionseeallchangeaspositiveandtherefore,themoretime,themorechanges,thebetterourConstitutionwillbe.(模型A对于20世纪历史学家是最重要的。有一个广泛而基本固定的看法,人类的历史是一个进步的记录,而且未来的前景是光明的。很多令人欣慰的结果伴随着这种看法产生。由于当前活着的人已经使进步超过了那些死去的人,这使人及其同辈感到荣幸。它让人们乐观地面对将来,当更多的时间过去,会有更多的进步产生。人们可以通过19世纪海格尔等德国历史学家同当时的德国皇帝一起见证了历史导致德国在俾斯麦岛实现统一的历史,清楚地看到这个模型。也有很多美国历史按照这个模型被书写。那些相信“逐步发展”的宪法的人,乐观地看待所有的变化,因而,时间越多,改变越多,我们的宪法会更完善。)Butthereareothermodels.Andthequestionisnotwhichmodelismostcomfortingandreassuring,butwhichbestfitsthefacts.(然而也有其他的模型。并且问题不在于哪个模型是最令人安慰放心的,而是哪个最符合事实。)ManyoftheGreekandRomanhistorianssubscribedtoModelB.Theylookedbackinthepastandsawa“goldenage”withfewerproblemsthantheirown.Itseemedtothemthatthingsweregettingworseovertimeandthattheprospectsforthefutureweregrim.ThereisacertainsenseinwhichthismodelfitstheoutlinesofScripture.Wecertainlyhaven’trisenabovethelevelofourfirstparents,AdamandEve,sothebroadlinefromParadisecanonlytrenddownward.Ontheotherhand,onecandefinitelytraceprogressandimprovementthroughGod’scovenantswithNoah,Abraham,Moses,andtheirfulfillmentinJesus.Butagainstthis,onemustweighthepropheciesofRevelationwhichpredictwidespreadwarandtribulationpriortoJesus’return.(很多希腊和罗马的历史学家赞同模型B。他们回望过去,看到了一个比自己这个时代问题更少的“黄金时期”。似乎在他们看来,随着时间的推移事物会变得更糟,未来的前景令人沮丧。有一点可以确定,这个模型符合圣经的概述。我们当然不可能超过我们的第一代父母亚当和夏娃的水平,所以来自天堂的宽广接线只能下降。另一方面,我们可以通过上帝与Noah,Abraham,Moses的约定以及他们对耶稣的影响清楚地记述进程和进步。但是相反,人们必须衡量被披露的预言所预示的广泛的战争和苦难的时期,直到耶稣的回归。)Intruth,historyiscomplicated.ItismorecomplicatedthanthesimplelinesinModelAandModelB.ItmorecloselyresemblesModelC.Periodsofaccomplishmentarefollowedbyperiodsofdecay.Infact,“progress”ismostlyamyth.Thereisnothinginevitableaboutit.Theideathatthesimplepassageoftimewillallowthingstoimprovefliesinthefaceofexperience.Ifyoulettimepass,willthedishesgetwashed,willroomsgetcleaned,orwillyourcarrunbetter?Thetruthisthatthingsdeteriorateanddecaywithage.(事实上,历史是复杂的。它比模型A和模型B的简单描述更为复杂。它更接近于模型C。紧接着辉煌时期的是衰落时期。实际上,“进步”基本上是个神话。这是不可避免的。实践的简单推移会使事物改进的想法与经验不符。如果你让时间流逝,餐盘会被清洗吗,房间会被打扫吗,你的汽车会形式的更好吗?真相是事物会随着时间的推移恶化、衰退。)Theperiodsofprogressandachievementaretheexceptionsandnottherule.Thereareremarkableperiodsscatteredthroughhistoryinwhichagroupofmenoragenerationseem(perhapssupernaturally?)empoweredtoreversethetrendsandtomakeremarkableachievements.Sometimesitisinliterature,sometimesitisinscience,sometimesitisinpolitics,sometimesitisinartormusic.Butinevitably,afteraperiodofachievement,along,slowperiodofdecaysetsin.(进步和成就的时期是例外,而非规则。非凡的时期分布在历史的进程中,在那些时期一组人或者一代人似乎【也许是超自然】被赋予扭转趋势并取得非凡成就的力量。它有时在文学中,有时在科学中,有时在政治中,有时在艺术或音乐中。但无法避免的是,一个辉煌的时期之后,一个漫长的衰退的时期就会开始。)Withthisinmind,ananalysisofthehistoryofpoliticalinstitutionscanbealittleunsettling.TheGreekcity-states,inaburstofcreativityaroundeightorninehundredyearsbeforeChrist,createdavarietyofcityconstitutionsthatservedthemadmirablyforgenerations.Butovertime,thecitiesseemedtobecomemoreandmoreunworkableandtheirleadersbecamecorrupt.Eventually,mostoftheGreekcitieswereruledbytyrants.TheyendedbybeingconqueredfirstbytheMacedonianarmiesofAlexander,andthenbytheRomans.TheRomanslikewisecreatedanadmirablerepublicabout500B.C.Butovertimeitdevelopedmoreandmoreproblems,andeventuallysuccumbedtothemilitarydictatorswhocalledthemselvesEmperorsandgods.(抱着这种想法,一个对于政治机构历史的分析会有些不稳定。希腊城邦在公元前8或9世纪突然产生,创造了各种城市结构,很好地提供给后代人。但随着时间的推移,城邦似乎变得越来越行不通,而且它们的首领变得腐败。最后,多数希腊城邦被暴君统治。它们以先后被亚历山大的马其顿军队和罗马人占领而终结。罗马人在公元前500年同样建造了一个值得称赞的共和国。但随着时间的流逝,它发展出越来越多的问题,最终屈服于自称是皇帝和神的军事独裁者。)Thereallyinterestingquestion,bytheway,isnot,“WhydidtheRomanEmpirefall?”Itis,“WhydidtheRomanRepublicfall?”(顺便说一下,真正有趣的问题不是“罗马帝国为什么会衰落?”而是“罗马政体为什么会衰落?”)ThefallfromRepublicthroughEmpiretoDarkAgesissharplydownwardandcontinuedforcenturies.(从政体通过帝国到黑暗时期的衰落,急速下滑并持续了几个世纪。)TheRenaissancewasaconsciousrejectionofthemythofprogress.(文艺复兴是进步的神话有意识的反驳。)Thewriters,painters,andleadersoftheRenaissancelookedbackwardintimetomenwhoweremoreaccomplishedthanthemselves.(文艺复兴的作家,画家和领导者及时回顾过去那些比他们自己更有成就的人。)Theywantedtoreve
本文标题:泛读教程_第三册_U5_Models_for_Understanding_History_翻译
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