考博英语语法

2002-12-141语法重点总结独立主格虚拟语气非谓语动词主谓一致倒装2002-12-142独立主格特征1.充当句子的状语。2.有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。3.名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+分词4.With+名词（代词）+分词(形容词）例：a)Itbeingraining,Idecidedtostayathome.b)Speechhavingbeendelivered,discussionstarted.c)heenteredtheroom,withhishandsopen（holdingarifle).2002-12-143真题剖析(1995)45cliffsnolongercrumbling,thebeachesare46ofthematerialwhichwould47feedthem.45.A.ForB.AsC.WithD.Because2002-12-144虚拟语气（1）从句主句与现在事实相反Were;动词过去式Should/would/could+动词原形与过去事实相反Had+doneWould/should/could+have+done与将来事实相反Wereto+动词原形Should+动词原形Should/would/could+动词原形2002-12-145虚拟语气（2）1.（should）+动词原形It+be动词+形容词(-able)(essential,odd,vital,absurd,regrettable,desirable…)+that从句It+be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句It+be动词+过去分词(ordered,begged,voted,moved…)+that从句部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等)+that从句2.It’s(high,about)timethat+动词过去式wouldrather+动词过去式2002-12-146真题剖析(1997)…Iwouldn’tbetruthfulifI47saythatteachingishardwork.…47.A.doB.didC.don’tD.didn’t(1993)…TheCaironewspapersthenextdaycarriedbannerheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstration52,andthey53thattheprofessorbesenthome.53.A.orderedB.pleadedC.decidedD.demanded2002-12-147非谓语动词1.动名词、分词、不定式。2.主动或被动。(doing/done,todo/tobedone)3.发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/havingdone/havingbeendone,todo/tohavedone/tohavebeen)4.To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。2002-12-148真题剖析(2000)…IntheinnercitiesofAmerica,newspapersregularlyreportonnewbornbabies60intogarbagebinsbydrug-addictedmothers.60.A.droppedB.todropC.droppingD.drops2002-12-149主谓一致(1)1.整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。Howyougottheredoesn’tconcernme.Growingvegetablesneedsconstantwatering.2.表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。Eighthundreddollarsisenoughtoliveon.3.以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics,economics,measles,diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。4.“分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。Twothirdsofthevillagesareflooded(theareaisunderwater).2002-12-1410主谓一致(2)5.不定代词(one,each,everyone,everybody,everything,noone,nobody,nothing,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something等)作主语，谓语用单数。Everyoneknowsthatyou’vecomehere.Ifanybodywantstoseeme,letthemwaittillIcomeback.(--thing的情况例外)6.谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（aswellas,with,alongwith,togetherwith,asmuchas,accompaniedby,besides,but,except,inadditionto,like,morethan,nolessthan,ratherthan,including等）HenolessthanJohnisinterestedinliterature.2002-12-1411主谓一致(3)7.谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,not…but,partly…partly等)Eithermyfatherormybrothersarecoming.8.each,every,manya,no…+主语，谓语用单数。ManyastudentandteacherhasbeentotheGreatWall.2002-12-1412真题剖析(2000)…MexicoCityalready52twentymillionpeopleandCalcuttatwelvemillion.AccordingtotheWorldBank,53ofAfrica’scitiesaregrowingby10%ayear,54ofurbanizationeverrecorded.53.A.noneB.fewC.anyD.some54.A.eventB.workC.levelD.rate2002-12-1413倒装一、全部倒装二、部分倒装2002-12-1414全部倒装1.“There(Here)+be+主语”Therestandbigbuildingsinthisdistrict.Hereonthedeskliesapileofbooks.2.单个副词(in,out,now,up,down,away,off,then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如itblewup.)Incametheboss./Aheadsatanoldman.3.介词短语作状语位于句首Inthemiddleoftheroomstoodthenaughtyboy.2002-12-1415全部倒装4.表语位于句首Especiallyremarkablewashisflatnose.Notfarfromhereisafamousuniversity.5.so,nor,neither,nomore位于句首,代表前文Shewasn’tangry,andneitherwasI.Peterdoesn’tlikepopmusic.Nomoredoeshisbrother.6.分词短语位于句首（分词+be+主语）Goneforeverwerethedaysthatwedependedonforeignoil.2002-12-1416部分倒装1.疑问句2.否定副词(seldom,rarely,scarcely,hardly,little,never,few,notuntil,notonly)位于句首（作形容词时例外）NeverdidJohnspeakrudelytohisparents.3.“only+状语”位于句首Onlywhenhecomesbackcanbeleave.4.“hardly…when”,“scarcely…when”,“nosooner…than”,“notonly…(butalso)”位于句首Nosoonerhadhegotintotheclassroomthantheclassbegan.2002-12-1417部分倒装5.not,no组成的词组位于句首(innoway,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount…)Bynomeansshouldyoubreaktherules.Atnotimeshouldwegiveintodifficulties.6.虚拟倒装(had,were,should放到句首)7.“形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”Smallthoughtheroomis,itcanholdmorethantwentypeople.Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothinginthehouse.2002-12-1418真题剖析(2000)Fasterthaneverbefore,thehumanworldisbecominganurbanworld.Bythemillionstheycome,theambitiousandthedown-troddenoftheworlddrawnbythestrangemagnetismofurban46.46.A.wayB.lifeC.areaD.people2002-12-1419限定词的用法1.Both,each,either,neither(只指两个)2.All,every,each,some,any,no(指两个以上)3.Some,any,more,(the)most,all,alot,lots,enough,none(复数可数或不可数)4.Much,(a)little,agood/greatdeal,less,(the)least(不可数)eg.“Gotanymoney?”“Noneatall.”eg.“Doeseithersideofthisstreetgetmoresunthattheother?”“No,neithersideissunnierthantheother.”2002-12-1420从句为考察重点(1999)…Theanswersgivenby200womentothoseintimateopen-endedquestionsmademerealizethat51waswrongcouldnotberelatedtoeducationinthewayitwasthenbelievedtobe.…51.A.whichB.whatC.itD.that2002-12-1421(1998)Theylearnedto51theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.52theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving53,theyinvitedtheirneighbors,…52.A.WhileB.WhenC.SoD.If2002-12-1422(1993)IntheUnitedStatesacommentatorremarkedthat45Japanapparentlystillusedsome“primitivetools”,46aJapanesecommentatorexpressedastonishmentthattheAmericanpenswrotesopoorlytheycouldsafelybeusedonlyonceandthendiscarded.46.A.thoughB.whenC.whileD.andthat