新编简明英语语言学教程第7章LanguageChange

Chapter7LanguageChangeLecturer:YoungSmith7.1Introdution•Thenature:•Asageneralrule,languagechangeisuniversal(普遍的),continuous(持续的)and,toaconsiderabledegree,regular(规则的)andsystematic(系统的).Alllanguageschangewithtime•Languageislikealivingorganism,itmaychangeandgrow,butratherslowly1、Sound(Phonological)change语音变化2、Morphologicalandsynatcticchange形态变化和句法变化3、Lexicalandsemanticchange词法和语义变化“Prologue(序言)totheCanterburyTales坎(特伯雷故事集)byChaucer乔叟(Englishpoet,1340-1400)(1)Aknyghttherwasandthataworhyman,ThatfrothetymethathefirstbiganToridenout,helovedchivalrie,Troutheandhonour,fredomandcurteisieAknighttherewasandthataworthymanThatfromthetimethathefirstbeganTorideour,helovedchivalry(骑士气概),Truthandhonour,freedomandcourtesy.(2)WhanthatAprillewithhisshouressoothWhenthatAprilwithhisshowerssweet…HamletfromShakespeare(1564-1616)•King:WhereisPelonius•Hamlet:Inheaven,sendthither(there)tosee.Ifyourmessenger(can’t)findhimnotthere,seekhimI’(at)theotherplaceyourself.Butindeed,ifyoufindhimnotwithinthismonth,youshallnose(notice)himasyouupthestairsintothelobby.•Languagechangesoccurduringthe1500yearsofEnglishhistory•Changescanbefoundinallpartsofgrammar:phonology,morphology,syntax,lexicon,semanticitems1500-yearhistoryofEnglish•OldEnglish[450---1100A.D]justasdifficultasanotherlanguage,unintelligible•MiddleEnglish[1300—1400]morelikemodernEnglish(Chaucer’stime),needspecialinstruction•EarlyModernEnglish[1500—1600](Shakespeare’stime)needhelp,wordorder,meanings•ModernEnglish[1700---1900]•ContemporaryEnglish[thepast50years](TheEncyclopediaBritannicaYearbook:alistofwordsthathaveenteredthelanguageduringtheyear)7.2Phonological(Sound)changeOldEnglishModernEnglish[ā](arm)stānstonehāmhomewrātwroterādrodeMiddleEnglishModernEnglish[mi:s][mais]mice[mu:s][maus]mouse[br:k][brk]brokeConclusions:Soundchangeissystematic:aregularpatternofpronunciationchangesDramaticvowelchangestookplaceinbotholdEnglishandmiddleEnglish7.3Morphologicalandsyntacticchange7.3.1Additionofaffixes-ment(Frenchorigin)Accomplishment(Frenchword)Acknowledgement(Englishorigin)FushionAtypeofgrammaticalizationinwhichwordsdevelopintoaffixes,eitherprefixesorsuffixes.Wifmann(womanwasmasculine)Wif(neuter)7.3Morphologicalandsyntacticchange7.3.2LossofaffixesSOVSVO7.3Morphologicalandsyntacticchange7.3.3changeofwordorderIlovetheenot.Hesawyounot.Idon’tloveyou.Hedidn’tseeyou.7.3Morphologicalandsyntacticchange7.3.4ChangeinNegationRule7.4LexicalandSemanticChangeAdditionofnewwordsLossofwordsChangesinthemeaningofwords7.4.1Additionofnewwords•Derivation派生:themostcommonword-formationprocess,byaffixationeg.Derivational+freemorphemesgirlish;reliable;glorificationinsurmountable•Compounding复合(stringingwordstogether;juxtapositionoftwoormorethantwowordstoformanew,compositeonewithdistinctpropertiesofitsown)Adj.N.V.Prep.Adj.BittersweetclearwaywhitewashblackoutN.Headstrongrainbowspoon-feedhead-onV.CarryallpickpocketsleepwalkcutupPrep.Inbornoff-licenceundertakewithoutHarddiskmousematbarcodefat-freeInformationhighwayfollow-upfull-lengthBitter-sweetget-rich-quick7.4.1Additionofnewwords•Coinage创新构词(inventionoftotallynewterms,leastcommon,oftenbrandnames)eg.xerox;nylon;kleenex(面巾纸)walkman;Kodak;Ford7.4.1Additionofnewwords•Clipping缩略构词/clippedwords(areductionprocessinwhichawordofmorethanonesyllableisreducedtoashorterform/abbreviationoflongerwordsorphrases;oftenusedininformalspeech)Eg.ad---advertisement;lab---laboratoryfan---fanatic;flu---influenza;math---mathematics;gym—gymnasiumexpo---exposition;memo---memorandumdisco---discotheque;burger---hamburgerdozer---bulldozer;quake---earthquakefridge---refrigerator;script---prescription7.4.1Additionofnewwords•Blending混合构词(jointhebeginningofthefirstwordtotheendoftheotherwords)Eg.smog(smoke+fog)brunch(breakfast+lunch)motel(motor+hotel)telecast(television+broadcast)camcorder(camera+recorder)comsat(communication+satellite)videophone(video+telephone)7.4.1Additionofnewwords•Acronym首字构词(stringtogethertheinitiallettersofthewordsinaphrase,typicallythenamesoftechnicalapparatusandinstitutions,sometimes,thephrasaloriginislost)Eg.radar(radiodetectingandranging)AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)SARS(SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome)APEC(Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation)UNESCO(UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization)CBS(ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem)ISBN(InternationalStandardBookNumber)IT(informationTechnology);CAD(computerassisteddesign)WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)7.4.1Additionofnewwords•Backformation反向构词(areverseprocessofaffixation.Thewordisnotformedbyaddingamorphemetoastembutbyassumingapartofthestemasasuffixandremovingit/subtractinganaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword)Eg.editor---edit;beggar---begtelevision–televise;enthusiasm---enthusehawk---hawker;baby-sit----baby-sitterbutch---butcher7.4.1Additionofnewwords•Conversion/functionalshift转类构词(achangeinthegrammaticalfunctionofawordwithoutaddingorremovinganypartofit/shiftfromonepartofspeechtoanotherwithoutadditionofaffixes)Eg.[N.—V.]awalk---towalk;aplay---toplayincrease---toincrease;conduct---conduct[V.---N.]tohold---ahold;tofly