高考必考语法精讲精练专题九：定语从句-含解析

高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题九：定语从句定语从句是比较重要的语法项目。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中将定语从句列为必考项。全国卷新课标Ⅰ对定语从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查定语从句引导词的用法。2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了定语从句引导词that/which。2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词when。2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第70题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词which。基本概念：定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词、充当定语的句子叫定语从句。因其功能相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。关系词:引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose,as）和关系副词(where，when，why)。关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。非限制性定语从句：对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句，通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开。关系词及其意义：关系代词和关系副词功能有三个：①用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。②关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。③关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人或物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人或物主语、宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语、宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人或物主语、宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhich替换where地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhich替换why原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich替换一、关系代词引导的定语从句1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。①TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.②YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.③Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。①MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.②LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.③Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.④Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。①Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.②Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.③Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.④Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.⑤Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.⑥Thefilm(which)theysawlastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。①Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeveryyearreachesonemillion.②Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?③Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.④Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.⑤YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。①Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.②Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.③Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：①Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.②Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.③Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?④Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?关系代词that与which的区别（一）只用that不用which的情况：1、先行词是everything,nothing,anything,much,little,none等不定代词或由不定代词any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all等修饰时,引导定语从句用that不用which。例如：①Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.②Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.③ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：①ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.②ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3、先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that。如：①Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.②Lookatthemanandhisdogthatarewalkingupthestreet.4、先行词被theonly，thevery,justthe等修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。例如：HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.5、当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用that。例如：①Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?②WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6、定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。例如：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（二）只用which不用that的情况1、指物，介词后。例如：IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstgottoParis.2、用于非限制定语从句中。例如：Sheheardaterriblenoise，whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.3、先行词是that,those时。例如：ThatisthebookwhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.4、一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。例如：Isthereanythingthatisnotexpensivewhichwecanbuyforherasagift?二、theway作先行词的定语从句比较下列句子，理解关系词，并分析原因：①Theway(that/inwhich/×)heansweredthequestionwassurprising.②Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.归纳：（1）当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，关系词用inwhich，that或者省略；（2）当关系词在定语从句中作主语时，关系词用that或which；（3）当关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词用that，which或省略。三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。①Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.②I’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.=I’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.③Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.④We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.=We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.1、单个介词（in/with/on/by）+关系代词(whom,which)①ThetwothingofwhichtheyfeltveryproudwereJim’sgoldwatchandDella’shair.②Aharvesterisamanwhoisharvestingoramachinewithwhichweharvestcrops.注意：介词确定的依据A、依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定；B、依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。2、介词短语+关系代词(which,whom,whose)常用的介词短语有:someof,bothof,asaresultof,atthebackof，becauseof,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof,onthetopof,atthefootof等。①