大学英语专业英美社会与文化Chapter-5-UK-Rise-and-Fall

英国社会与文化1Chapter5TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(1688-1990)I.WhigsandToriesII.Agriculturalchangesinthelate18thcenturyIII.TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)IV.TheChartistMovement(1836-1848)V.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire英国社会与文化2I.WhigsandTories辉格党和托利党1.Parliamentarypoliticsinthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesWhatweretheParliamentarypoliticslikethen?(1)TheConstitutionalMonarchyTheGloriousRevolutionin1688resultedintheconstitutionalmonarchy,inwhichparliamentplayedanimportantroleintheBritishpolitics.(2)PartypoliticsInthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,twopoliticalparties,theWhigsandtheTories,controlledParliament.英国社会与文化32.TheWhigsandtheToriesthetwopoliticalpartiesorfactionsoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionweretermsofabuseintroducedduringtheheatedstruggleoverthebilltoexcludeJames,dukeofYork(afterwardJamesII),fromthesuccession.I.WhigsandTories辉格党和托利党英国社会与文化43.evolutionoftheWhigsandToriesA.TheWhigs“Whigs”:aderogatorynameforcattledriversformedacoalitionwithdissidentToriesinthemid-19thcenturyBecometheLiberalPartythatdisintegratedanddisappearedafterWWI.B.TheTories“Tories”:anIrishwordmeaningthugs.weretheforerunnersoftheConservativePartyTheConservativePartystillbearsthenicknametoday.I.WhigsandTories辉格党和托利党英国社会与文化54.DifferentideasThisfactionaldivisionofEnglishpoliticalelitesclearlyechoedthedivisionsbetweenParliamentariansandRoyalistsintheeraoftheCivilWarsA.TheWhigsa.OpposedabsolutemonarchyassertingtheprimacyofParliamentoverthemonarchb.SympathytowardsNonconformistsc.Demandedgreaterfreedom(religious)andlessgovernmentcontrolB.TheToriesa.SupporthereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekingsassertingtheprimacyofthemonarchoverParliamentb.WantedtopreservetheChurchofEnglandc.InfavorofmaintainingsocialorderI.WhigsandTories辉格党和托利党英国社会与文化6II.Agriculturalchangesinthelate18thcentury1.ImportanceoffarminginEnglandinthe18thcentury(1)WhatkindofsocietywasEnglandinthe18thcentury?AgriculturalsocietyFarmingwasthemostimportantoccupationFarmvillageandagriculturewerethebackbone(2)Whatdidchangesinfarmingmethodsimply?affectlivesofmillions.英国社会与文化7II.Agriculturalchangesinthelate18thcentury2.AgriculturalRevolutioninthelate18thandearly19thcenturies(1)featuresofthetraditionalfarminginEnglandA.theopenfieldvillagea.Villagesweresurroundedbyhedgelessfieldswhichcenteredallthearableland.b.Thesefieldsweredividedintostripssharedoutamongthevillagers.c.Muchwasdoneonacommunitybasis.B.Largepiecesoffieldleft‘fallow’eachyeara.thesoilwouldrecovereditsrichnessafter2years’cultivation.b.Thismeantonly2/3ofthelandwascultivated.C.SimplecommunitylifeofthecountrysideBesidesthefieldstherewerecommonsandwastelandsusedbyallvillagerstograzelivestock.Thissystemwasanidealbasisforthesimplecommunitylifeofthecountrysideandsubsistencefarmingbeforethemodernindustrialage.英国社会与文化8(2)theDrawbacksofsuchasystem?A.wastefulforlaborandtimeB.fallowfieldscausedshortageoffoodC.theopenfieldsystemwasabarriertoexperimentsII.Agriculturalchangesinthelate18thcentury英国社会与文化9II.Agriculturalchangesinthelate18thcentury(3)AgriculturalrevolutionA.Causesoftherevolutiona.Inthemid-18thcenturythepopulationinEnglandincreasedrapid,andmostofthisincreasewasinthetowns,dependingonthecountrysideforfood.b.Greaterproductivitymeanthandsomeprofits,sothesmallfarmsonthe“open-field”systemwerereplacedbylargerandmoreefficientfarmswithhedge-dividedfields.B.Therevolutiona.The“open-field”systemwasreplacedbyenclosedfieldsb.Asystemofcroprotationwasintroducedc.Artificialfertilizerandnewagriculturalmachinerywereinventedandused英国社会与文化10NorfolkFour-courseRotation英国社会与文化11II.Agriculturalchangesinthelate18thcentury3.TheresultoflandenclosuresinEnglandTheenclosureshadgoodaswellasbadresults:(1)Farmsbecamebiggerandbiggerasthegreatboughtupthesmall,andfarmingbecamemoreefficient.(2)Thelivingstandardwasimproved.Morevegetables,milk,anddairyproducewereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried.(3)Enclosurewasadisasterfortenantswhomadealivingontheland.(4)Urbanizationwasincreasedasmoreandmorepeoplemigratedtotownsandbecamewagelaborers.TheSheepdevourmenenclosuremovement英国社会与文化12WheredidtheIndustrialRevolutionbegin?England(Britain)wasthefirsttowitnesstheIndustrialRevolution.TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinitiatedfromEngland(Britain).III.TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)英国社会与文化13III.TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)1.Whatwastheindustrialrevolution?Ithistoricallyreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocial,economicandtechnologicalorganizationinEnglandinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.OritmeanstheinventionandapplianceofvariousmachinesinproductionandthechangesthattransformedBritainfromaruralandagriculturalcountryintoanurbanandmanufacturingone.英国社会与文化14III.TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)2.WhywasBritainthefirsttoinitiateindustrialrevolution?(1)PoliticalconditionsA.Parliamentbecamedominantinpoliticallifeafterthe1688PalacecoupB.Itrepresentedtheinterestsofthebourgeoisiefordevelopmentandexpansion.(2)ExternalconditionsA.TheBritish-SpanishWarenabledBritaintobeaseapow