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Lesson8Globalization’sDualPowerYOURSITEHEREBackgroundInformationAuthor----RobertJ.SamuelsonTheAsianFinancialCrisisTheEuropeanUnionTheWorldBankTheWorldTradeOrganizationYOURSITEHERE1.Author----RobertJ.Samuelsona1967graduateofHarvardUniversitywithaB.A.ingovernmentbeganhisjournalismcareerasareporteronTheWashingtonPost'sBusinessDeskin1969YOURSITEHERE1.Author----RobertJ.SamuelsonjoinedNewsweekasacontributingeditorin1984,andhasbecomeoneofthemagazine'smostrecognizedwritersforhisbiweeklycolumnsanalyzingandreportingsocioeconomicissues.writesabiweeklycolumnwhichappearsinTheWashingtonPost,TheLosAngelesTimes,TheBostonGlobeandotherpapersYOURSITEHERE1.Author----RobertJ.SamuelsonTheAwards(1981)NationalMagazineAward(1983)theGeraldLoebAward杰洛德˙罗布奖(1986)theGeraldLoebAwardforCommentary(1987)NationalHeadlinerAwardforBestSpecialInterestColumn(1988)namedaLoebfinalistforhiscolumnsontheOctober1987WallStreetcrash(1993)JohnHancockAwardforBestBusinessandFinancialColumnist(1993)theGeraldLoebAwardforBestCommentary.(1992&1993)theNationalHeadlinerAwardforFeatureColumnonaSingleSubjectYOURSITEHERE2.TheAsianFinancialCrisisTheAsianfinancialcrisiswasinitiatedbytworoundsofcurrencydepreciationthathavebeenoccurringsinceearlysummer1997.ThefirstroundwasaprecipitousdropinthevalueoftheThaibaht,Malaysianringgit,Philippinepeso,andIndonesianrupiah.Baht泰铢ringgit马来西亚林吉特Peso菲律宾比索rupiah印尼卢比YOURSITEHERE2.TheAsianFinancialCrisisAsthesecurrenciesstabilized,thesecondroundbeganwithdownwardpressureshittingtheTaiwandollar,SouthKoreanwon,Brazilianreal(雷阿尔),Singaporeandollar,andHongKongdollar.Governmentshavecounteredtheweaknessintheircurrenciesbysellingforeignexchangereservesandraisinginterestrates,which,inturn,haveslowedeconomicgrowth.ThecurrencycrisesalsohaverevealedsevereproblemsinthebankingandfinancialsectorsofthetroubledAsianeconomies.YOURSITEHERE3.TheEuropeanUnionItwasfoundedinNovember,1993inordertoenhancepolitical,economic,andsocialcooperationamongmembers.ItwasformerlyknownastheEuropeanCommunityortheEuropeanEconomicCommunity.ItisheadquarteredinBrussels,Belgium.YOURSITEHERE3.TheEuropeanUnionTheEUhasgrowninsizewithsixwavesofaccessions.In1967France,Germany,Italy,Holland,Belgium,andLuxemburgformedEuropeanCommunity.In1973Denmark,IrelandandtheUnitedKingdomjoined.In1981GreeceIn1986SpainandPortugalIn1995Austria,FinlandandSwedenIn2004TheEuropeanUnionwelcomedtennewcountries:Cyprus,theCzechRepublic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Malta,Poland,SlovakiaandSloveniaIn2007BulgariaandRomania承认的候选国:克罗地亚Croatia、土耳其Turkey法国,德国,意大利,荷兰,比利时,卢森堡丹麦,爱尔兰,英国希腊西班牙,葡萄牙奥地利,芬兰,瑞典塞浦路斯,捷克,爱沙尼亚,匈牙利,拉脱维亚,立陶宛,马耳他,波兰,斯洛伐克,斯洛文尼亚保加利亚,罗马尼亚YOURSITEHERE3.TheEuropeanUnionThesinglecurrency—theeuro—becamearealityon1January2002,wheneuronotesandcoinsreplacednationalcurrenciesintwelveofthe27countriesoftheEU(Belgium,Germany,Greece,Spain,France,Ireland,Italy,Luxemburg,theNetherlands,Austria,PortugalandFinland).YOURSITEHERE4.TheWorldBankTheWorldBankisavitalsourceoffinancialandtechnicalassistancetodevelopingcountriesaroundtheworld.Oneoftheworld’slargestsourcesofdevelopmentassistance,theWorldBanksupportstheeffortsofdevelopingcountrygovernmentstobuildschoolsandhealthcenters,providewaterandelectricity,fightdisease,andprotecttheenvironment.YOURSITEHERE4.TheWorldBankTheWorldBankisnota“bank”inthecommonsense.ItisoneoftheUnitedNations’specializedagencies,andismadeupof184membercountries.Thesecountriesarejointlyresponsibleforhowtheinstitutionisfinancedandhowitsmoneyisspent.Alongwiththerestofthedevelopmentcommunity,theWorldBankcentersitseffortsonreachingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,agreedtobyUNmembersin2000andaimedatsustainablepovertyreduction.YOURSITEHERE4.TheWorldBankItismadeupoftwouniquedevelopmentinstitutionsownedby184membercountries—theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)andtheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation(IDA).Eachinstitutionplaysadifferentbutsupportiveroleintheirmissionofglobalpovertyreductionandtheimprovementoflivingstandards.TheIBRDfocusesonmiddleincomeandcreditworthypoorcountries,whileIDAfocusesonthepoorestcountriesintheworld.YOURSITEHERE5.TheWorldTradeOrganizationEstablishedin1995,theWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)isapowerfulnewglobalcommerceagency,whichtransformedtheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)intoanenforceableglobalcommercecode.TheWTOisoneofthemainmechanismsofcorporateglobalization.ItisbasedinGeneva.Dec.11,2001,ChinabecameamemberofWTO.YOURSITEHERE中国入世大事记2001年11月10日晚6时38分(卡塔尔首都多哈当地时间),世界贸易组织(WTO)第四届部长级会议审议通过了中国加入世界贸易组织的申请。中国将从12月11日起正式成为世贸组织成员。2001年9月13日中国完成了与所有世贸组织成员的双边市场准入谈判2001年7月3日世界贸易组织就中国正式入世问题达成一致2000年11月中国与欧盟达成双边协议1999年《中美农业合作协议》签署1998年中国提出一揽子降低关税方案1995年世界贸易组织决定接纳中国为观察员1982年中国获得GATT观察员身份
本文标题:Lesson 8 Globalization’s Dual Power
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