语言与社会期末问题及答案汇总

1.Howdoyouunderstandtheinfluenceofcultureoncommunication?1)Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere.Ourculturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstothoseandcountlessquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowyouliveandcommunicatewithinthisworld.2)Cultureisthefoundationofcommunication,andwhenculturesarediverse,communicationpracticesmaybedifferent.Countlessaspectsofculturehelpdetermineandguidecommunicationbehavior.3)Theworldlooks,sounds,tastes,andfeelsthewayisdosebecauseourculturehasgivenyouthecriterionofperception.2.Whatarethemajorfactorsthatinfluencelanguagecommunication?Thethreeelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication:(1)culturalvalues.Itinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Mostimportant,culturalvaluesguidebothperceptionandbehavior.(2)worldview(religion).Aworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphiosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandwith“being”.(3)Socialorganization.Themannerinwhichaculturearganizesitselfisdirectedtotheinstitutionswithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouandthegovernmentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehowyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithintheworld.3.Discussthedifferencesbetweenpositivepolitenessstrategiesandnegativepolitenessstrategieswithexamples.(1)Positivepolitenessstrategies:thoseshowingthecloseness,intimacy,andrapportbetweenspeakerandhearerNagativepolitenessstrategies:thoseindicatingthesocialdistancebetweenspeakerandhearer(2)PositivePoliteness:isredressdirectedtotheaddressee'spositiveface,hisdesirethathiswantsshouldbethoughtofasdesirable.Redressconsistsinpartiallysatisfyingthatdesirebycommunicatingthatone'sownwantsareinsomerespectssimilartotheaddressee’swants.ThelinguisticrealizationsofPositivePolitenessareinmanyrespectsrepresentativeofthenormallinguisticbehaviorbetweenintimates.Nagativepoliteness:Redressiveactionaddressedtotheaddressee’snegativeface.Addresseewantstohavehisfreedomunhinderedandhisattentionunimpeded.SpecificandfocusedtominimizetheparticularimpositionthattheFTAeffects.PolitenessinWesternculturesisalwaysconsideredwithnegativepolitenessbehaviour.(3)CategoriesofPositivePoliteness:Claimcommonground;Categoriesofnegativepoliteness:useindirectspeechacts;question;hedge(deliberatelyvagueexpression);bepessimistic;minimizetheFTA;givegifts4.TrytofindexamplestoillustratethepositiveandnegativestrategiesusedintheChineseculturalcontextconsideringthefactorsof“in-group”vs.”out-group”membershipincommunication.(1)Positivestrategies:Usein-groupidentitymarkers；Usinganyoftheinnumerablewaystoconveyin-groupmembership:addressforms,languageordialect,jargonorslangandellipses.Examples:“Honey,canyougivemethebeer?”“Heybrother,what’sgoingon?”“Howaboutadrink?”(2)Negativestrategies:Opposingtensions:desiretogiveheareran“out“bybeingindirect,andthedesiretogoonrecord.Solvedbythecompromiseofconventionalindirectness,theuseofphrasesandsentencesthathavecontextuallyunambiguousmeaningswhicharedifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning.Examples:“Canyoupleaseshutthedoor?”“Youcouldn’tpossiblytellmethetime,please?”5.WhatarethedistinctionsbetweenperformativesandconstativesaccordingtoAustin?(1)Conditions:trueorfalse(constative)-theconstativesutteranceisverifiableanditiseithertrueorfalse;felicityconditions(performative)-theperformativesrequirenotonly“theappropriatecircumstances.”butalsotheappropriatelanguage.(2)grammaticalcriterion:theperformativeverbisinthepresenttenseandeachsentencehassfirstpersonsubject(3)lexicalcriterion:”state”(constative)“hereby”(performative)6.Pleaseexplainthemaindistinctionbetweentheconceptofutteranceandtheconceptofsentencewithexamples.(1)UtterancecansucceedasanactofcommunicationevenifthespeakerdoesnotpossesstheattitudeheisexpressingOccasionallyutterancesarebothnonliteralandindirect.Forexample,onemightutter'Ilovethesoundofyourvoice'totellsomeonenonliterally(ironically)thatshecan'tstandthesoundofhisvoiceandtherebyindirectlytoaskhimtostopsinging.Whenutteringthesentences,thespeakerisactuallydoingsomething,insteadofstatingordescribingsomething(2)TherearemanysentenceswhosestandardusesarenotstrictlydeterminedbytheirmeaningsbutarenotimplicaturesorfigurativeuseseitherThesentencedoesnotexpressacompleteproposition.SentencesusedforethicalevaluationSentencemeaningisconstitutedbyitsliteralmeaningandreferenceincontext.Themeaningisconveyedbytheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses(locutionaryact)followingthesyntacticandsemanticrules.7.Illustratethefunctionofcontextininterpretingthemeaningoflanguageincommunication.文本一：Contexttoacertainextent,reducethebarriersofcommunication,makecommunicationmoresmooth,sothatcommunicationcanreceivegoodresults.Languageenvironmentisessentialforunderstandinglanguage.(1)Contextisanimportantmeanstoresolveambiguity:Anylanguagehasmanywordsareambiguous,usedinasentenc