1.7-Exemplification-and-Classification

ExemplificationandClassificationUnit3Vigorouswritingisconcise.Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords…forthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavenounnecessarylinesandamachinenounnecessaryparts.STRUNKANDWHITE：TheElementsofStyle42-2MainSectionstobeCovered3.1LanguageFunctionsExemplificationClassification3.2WritingImprovementExercisesKeypointsExplaininganideawithexamplesorillustrationsisacommonwritingstrategy.Specificexamplesnotonlyclarifygeneralprinciplesbutalsomakewritingmoreinterestingandeasiertofollow.Theexamplesusedtoexplaingeneralstatementsshouldberelevant,specific,andsufficient.Illustrationsmaybeasingleexampleoraseriesofexamples,andareoftensignaledbyrelevantverbformsorfixedexpressions.42-3ExemplificationExtendedexamplesExemplificationPersonalexamplesTypicalexamplesHypotheticalexamplesGeneralizedexamples42-4Personalexamples(1)(1)Wehavebooksonalltypesofunconventionalmedicine,forexample,acupunctureandfaithhealing.(2)Knowledgeoftenresultsonlyafterpersistentinvestigation.AlbertEinstein,afteralengthyexaminationofthecharacteristicsofmatterandenergy,formulatedhisfamousTheoryofRelativity,whichnowactsasabasisforfurtherresearchinnuclearphysics.42-5Personalexamples(2)(3)Asparentsgetolderandgetmoreexperienceundertheirbelt,theyrealizewhat'simportantaboutraisingchildren,andwhat'snot.Itakemyselfasanexample:atdinnertheothernight,ItookacookiesheetoutoftheovenandtoldMatthew,my4-year-old,Hot.Naturally,beingtheimpulsive,stubborn,curiousandintelligentcreaturethatheis,nottomentionbeinghungry,hepromptlydecidedtoreachoutandtrytotakethecookieoffthecookiesheet,heedlessofmywarning.Sixyearsago,withMichael,myfirstchild(whoisnow10),Iwouldhaveshriekedinwarningathim,scoldinghimand,frankly,lookingtoterrifyhimintonevertouchingthehotcookiesheetfortherestofhisnaturallife.Ilovehim-Idon'twanthimtogethurt.Thistime,Ijustwatchedasmy4-year-oldexperienceditforhimself.Sureenough,heburnedhimself,tookhishandback,andcried.42-6Typicalexamples(1)(1)ThismorningwhenIwasreadingthepaperIwasimmediatelystruckbytwomoreexamplesofhowourstudents’viewoftheworldisdifferentfromthatoftheirteachers’.IntheBusinesssectionofthe“DailyNews”(LosAngeles)thereisanarticleaboutthechangesinTVviewing.Theothermorningarticlethatcaughtmyattentionisanexampleofstudents’perceptionsofAIDSpreventionandeducation.42-7(2)TheCDCP(CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention)ishavinganotherlookathowcalculationsregardingtheeffectsofoverweightaffecthealtharecalculated.AccordingtoWashingtonPost,officialsstressedthattheerrordidnotchangethefundamentalconclusionthattheincreasingnumberofAmericanswhoareoverweightisamajorandincreasinglycommonpublichealthproblem.Typicalexamples(2)42-8(1)Today’sparentshavemanyproblems.Whatwouldyoudo,forexample,ifyoufoundyourchildtakingdrugs?(2)IfwesearchedthroughGoogle,wewouldcomeacrossinnumerablestockphotoagencies.Youcanusesmallerorlargeragenciesasperyourrequirement.Letussupposethatyouaregoingtosearchforimageson“chocolates”.Youshouldinsertthatverykeyphrase“chocolate”andclicktheadvancedsearchbutton.Soon,youwillbefloodedwithdesiredresults.Hypotheticalexamples(1)42-9(3)ProfessorTaylorarguesthattherearemanykindsofloveandthatparticularlyinonekind,whichhecalls“romanticlove,”wearestronglyinfluencednotsomuchbywhatweactuallyfeelbutbywhatwetellourselvesaboutthewaywefeel.Hecallsthis“self-talk.”Forexample,sayawomanisstronglyattractedtoaman.(Itcouldjustaseasilyhappentoamanattractedtoawoman.)Shetellsherselfthingslike“HeisallIhaveeverwantedinaman!Heiswarm,kind,andaffectionateandwillunderstandallmyneeds.”Butwhenshediscoversthatheis,likeallofus,justanordinaryhumanbeingwithbothstrongandweakpoints,sheisbitterlydisappointed.Hypotheticalexamples(2)42-10Generalizedexamples(1)(1)Allofus,atonetimeoranother,havebeendriventodistractionbyatrivialannoyancelikethebuzzingofaflyoramosquito’sbite.(2)Amongtheargumentsforuniforms,oneofthefirstisthatintheeyesofmostpeopletheylookmoreprofessionalthanordinaryclothes.Peoplehavebecomeconditionedtoexpectsuperiorqualityfromamanwhowearsauniform.Forexample,atelevisionrepairmanwhowearsauniformtendstoinspiremoretrustthanonewhoappearsineverydayclothing.42-11Generalizedexamples(2)(3)Changesinmeaningalsohappenwhenthethingaworddescribeschangesform.Theword“car”,fromLatin“carrus”,isanexample.Itoriginallymeanta“four-wheeledcoach”.Themoderncarisnotatallliketheoldfour-wheeledcoach.Thethinghaschanged,sothemeaningofthewordhaschanged,too.42-12Extendedexamples•Recipesanddirectionsarebothconcernedwithdesiredends,butadirectionmerelypointstotheendwhereasarecipeprovidestheformulaormethodforachievingit.Thedifferencecanbeillustratedfrommyownlife.WhenIwasachild,myfatherwasalwaystellingmewhatheexpectedofmeinlife:makefriends,wininfootball,graduatefromcollege,andbecomeasuccessinthebusinessworld.ButitwasnotuntilIhadmademanymistakesandwonderedifIcouldeverpossiblypleasehimthatIrealizedhehadonlysetupthegoals,ordirections.Neveroncehadhebotheredtoprescribeamethod,orrecipe.42-13Markerstogiveexamples•Whenyougiveexamples,whatkindofwordsorphrasesdoyouusuallyuse?42-14•forexample/forinstance•toillustrate•ano