高中英语：名词的用法归纳

I名词1.含义用来表示人，动物，时间，地点，状态或抽象名词。名词是一种实词，名词可以做主语、宾语、定语、同位语、宾补、状语、表语、独立成分等。2．分类类别意义举例专有名词表示人、时间、节日、地方、组织、机构或事物等专有的名称。专有名词中每个实词的首字母要大写。ChinatheGreatWallMarchMaryChristmastheUNSARSAIDS普通名词可数名词个体名词表单个的人、物、事childteacherdeskbooktreeaccident集体名词表集合、团体classfamilyclubgroupcrewpoliceteampeoplemachineryjewelleryclothingfurniture复合名词两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的名词boy-friendpasser-bybrother-in-lawgrown-uplooker-on不可数名词物质名词表物质或材料的名称，无法判断个体的事、物watermilkmoneysilkbreadteaairfiresaltsugar抽象名词表示行为、动作、品质、状态、感情等lifemindpeacehealthluckhappinessvaluepainhonesty3.名词的数1）名词复数规则变化构成方法举例单数复数多数名词在词尾加-sbookballstudentbooksballsstudents以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的再词尾加esbusboxwatchdishbuzzbusesboxeswatchesdishes碟子buzzes电铃声以y结尾的名词以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i，再加escitybabycountrystorycitiesbabiescountriesstories以元音字母加y结尾的名词和专有名词,在词加skeyHenryMarykeysHenrysMarys以f或fe结尾的名词一般把f或fe变为v，再加esleafthiefknifewifeleavesthieveskniveswives有些直接加sroofchiefbeliefroofschiefsbeliefs个别词以上两种变化都有beef---beefs/beeveshandkerchief---handkerchiefs/handkerchieve手帕以o结尾的名词，在词尾加es或者spotatoechotomatopotatoesechoes回声tomatoesbambooradiophotobamboosradiosphotos2)名词复数不规则变化构成方法举例单数复数变内部元音字母变a为emanwomanEnglishmanGerman(特殊)menwomenEnglishmenGermans变oo为eefootgoosetoothfeetgeeseteeth完全不规则childoxmousedatumbasismediumchildrenoxenmicedatabasesmedia复合名词的变化主体词变复数armymanlooker-onrunner-upeditor-in-chiefpasser-bymather-in-lawgrand-childarmymenlookers-onrunners-upeditors-in-chiefpassers-bymothers-in-lawgrand-children没有主体词的在最后一个词的词尾加sgo-betweengrown-upboy-friendgo-betweensgrown-upsboy-friends由woman和man构成的复合名词，前后两部分复数womandoctorgentleman-farmermancookwomendoctorsgentlemen-farmersmencooks4.名词单复数的一些习惯用法1）单复数同行的词Chineseli里peopleSwiss瑞士人deermeans手段series系列Vietnamese越南人fishmu亩sheepyuan元Japanese2）常用复数形式的词arms武器earnings挣的钱pants裤子socks袜子ashes灰烬findings调查结果pyjamas睡衣裤stairs楼梯belongs所有物firewoods烟火remains残余surroundings环境clothes衣服forces武装部队savings储蓄trousers裤子sweepings扫拢的垃圾compass指南针glasses眼镜scissors剪刀thanks感激congratulations祝贺jeans牛仔裤shoes鞋子tropics热带doings行为mountains山脉shorts短裤3)形式为复数，意思为单数News消息crossroads十字路口physics物理politics政治mathematics数学headquarters司令部4）表示总体意义，总用作复数police警察people人们，人民clothes衣服cattle牛群public公众Exercise：用be动词填空1.Twohundredpolice____onduty.2.Alotofpeople____onthesquare.3.Manycattle_____kept.5)有些集合名词既可以表示单数，也可以表示复数例词单数词义复数词义例词单数词义复数词义classteamcommitteeclubarmy班级对委员会俱乐部军队班里成员队员委员会成员俱乐部成员军人familygroupyouthcrewgovernment家庭群青年全体船员政府家庭成员一群人青年人同事们政府成员注意：集合名词若作为一个整体看待的话，谓语用单数；若作为个体看待，谓语用复数。Exercises:1Myfamily___(be)abigone.2WhenIcamein,hisfamily____(be)watchingTV.3Thefootballteam____(be)verygood.4Theteam____(be)bathing.6)有些名词在中国人看来不可数，当在英语表达中却可以加a/an.e.ga/ancoffee/hurry/pleasure/successa/anrain/income/population/surprisea/aneducation/increase/rest/timea/anheadache/interest/reward/tripa/anhelp/knowledge/ride/voice/walka/anhistory/salary/sight/pity/honor/whispere.g1)Ihadagoodtimeattheparty.2)Aftersupperwegooutforawalk.3)Thesnowthatcoversthetopofthemountainisabeautifulsight.4)HegotagoodeducationwhenhewasinEngland.5)Chinahasapopulationof1.3billion.6)Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghistory.7).有些名词通常用作单数，表示整体，比如hair,fruit,vegetable,但是表示若干种头发，若干水果，若干蔬菜时，则需要用复数形式。e.g1)Mother’shairisgrey.Shehasafewwhitehairs.2)Thefruitisripening.Herdaughterlikespears,apples,andotherjuicyfruits.8)有些名词单复数意思不同。people人们---peoples人民game游戏---games运动会compass指南针---compasses圆规interest兴趣---interests利益manner方法---manners礼貌custom习惯，风俗---customs海关，关税5.名词的量1)常表示一双，一对、一副，如：apairofshoesapairofglassesapairofsocks2）其他的量、数、单位词a.常搭配不可数名词：piece片、块、张、条,slice落片,cup，glass杯,lump块,bar条,block块、片,sum一笔,drop一滴,sheet片、张、页,loaf块、个,grain粒,cake块,ear穗,bottle瓶b.搭配可数名词：set组、套,row排,copy本、复印本,group组、群,team队,line行,suit套,bunch捆、束,pocket包、袋,basket篮3）限定词a.只能修饰可数名词：many,few,anumberofb.只能修饰不可数名词：much,little,alargemountof,agreatdealofc.两者都可以修饰：some,any,plentyof,alotof,alargequantityof6.名词所有格1.构成1.1’s所有格类别构成形式举例一般名词+’smyfriend’sdog复数名词以s或es结尾+’thestudents’classroom以s或x结尾的专有名词+’s或+’Children’sday并列名词各自所有两个名词都+’sMary’sandTom’srooms并列名词共同所有最后一个名词+’sMaryandTom’sroom1.1.1应用1）表示有生命的东西的所有格（如上表），但在某些习惯用语中也表示无生命的东西的所有格。e.gThebeachiswithinastone’sthrow.到海边只有一步之遥。2)表时间、距离、国家、城市、团体机构等无生命名词的所有格。e.gatenminutes’walkChina’sindustrytoday’snewspaper3）表类别、属性men’sshoesadoctor’sdegreechildren’sbooksasummer’sdayaworker’sfamily4）表动作的执行者或承受者myteacher’spraisechildren’seducation5）’s所有格后面的名词如果指商店、家宅、教堂、诊所等地点时，该名词常被省略。thedoctor’s诊所thetailor’裁缝店thebutcher’s肉店thegrocer’s食品店thebarber’s理发店myuncle’我叔叔家Queen’s女王学院Johnson’s约翰逊的家/商店6）’s所有格修饰的名词，如果上文已经提到，常省略，避免重复。e.gThisisnotTom’sbook,it’shisfriend’s.1.2of所有格构成：名词+of+名词e.gthecapitalofChina,thedooroftheroom,thelifeofthepoor,thegrandpaofthechildren1.3双重所有格构成：of+名词’s(或名词性物主代词)1）表整体中的部分afriendofmyfather’s=oneofmyfather’sfriendsaclassofmineaclassofTom’s2)表示赞赏或厌恶的感情theperformanceofteachers’---teacher’sperformance(不欣赏，不赞成)thewifeofMr.Green’s---Mr.Green’swife(带有厌恶情绪)