高中英语必修四unit2语法课件

The–ingformastheSubject,Object，Predictive,AttributiveandObjectComplementGrammarHaveyoueverseenthesesigns?parking,spitting,littering,smoking-ingforms1.动词-ing形式的构成:是在动词末尾加-ing形式构成,因此又叫动词的-ing形式。如:do-doing,be-being,ask-asking,etc.否定形式:not+-ing构成2.动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的宾语和状语,还有时态和语态的变化。3.动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成,它同时具有名词和动词的特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语等。指出-ing形式在下面句中的成分。•Findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.•Heenjoyslisteningtoviolinmusic.•Chinaisadevelopingcountry.•Themusicisexciting.•Weheardhersinginginherroom.•Beingill,shewentbackhome.主语宾语定语表语宾语补足语状语一、动词-ing形式作主语1.表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态,谓语动词通常用单数。如：1）Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.2）WatchingnewsonTVhasbecomearoutineforme.3）GoingtoHangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.4）Askingawoman’sageisimpoliteinourcountry.2.-ing形式作主语时常后置,此时须用it作形式主语,用形容词或名词作表语。常见的名词或名词短语有:nouse,nogood,fun,hardwork,ahard/difficultjob,awasteoftime等;形容词有:dangerous,worthwhile,useless等。归纳:常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：•It+be+awasteoftimedoing•Itis/wasnogood/usedoing•Itis/washardly/scarcelyworthdoing•Itis/wasworth/worthwhiledoing•Thereisnodoing...无法……;不允许……3.在therebeno...结构中作主语,这种结构的意思相当于“Itisimpossibletodo…”。•Thereisnosenseindoing做……没有道理•Thereis/wasnousedoing做……无意义•Thereis/wasnothingworsethandoing没有比……更糟的•Thereis/wasnopointdoing做……无意义1)Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit．若要人不知,除非己莫为。2)Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter.这种事开不得玩笑。3)Therewasnoknowingwhenhewouldleave.无法知道他什么时候离开。Trytotellthemeaningofeachsentence.注意:Thereisnoneedtodosth没必要做某事,在此句式中todo不可换为doing.Thereisnoneedtotellher.提示:当动名词用作主语时,其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词和名词所有格构成。1）Mysister’sbeingillmademeworried.2）Yourbeingrightdoesn’tnecessarilymeanmybeingwrong.动名词与不定式做主语时的比较：动名词表示的动作通常是一个习惯性的长期进行的动作,不定式则通常表示动作的一次性或短暂性。e.g.1）TeachingEnglishismyjob.2）Findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.3）Toreachthereontimeismytask.二、动名词用作宾语动名词作宾语有两种情况。1.只能后接-ing作宾语的动词,常见的有avoid,consider,enjoy,keep,finish,suggest,dislike,delay,escape,cannothelp,imagine,mind,miss,practise,cannotstand,excuse,fancy,giveup,putoff,risk,insiston,lookforward,feellike等。e.g.1）Ican’tavoidgoing．2）Haveyouconsideredlookingforonespecialfriend?3）Peoplecouldn’thelplaughingfoolishman．2.既可接-ing和todo作宾语的动词,常见的有:begin,start,continue,like,love,prefer,by,mean,forget，remember,hate等。A.在like,love,hate,prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同,只是侧重点有些不同,ing表示泛指的动作,todo表示具体的一次性动作。B.在begin/start,continue之后,用动名词和不定式,意义没有什么不同,尤其是当主语是人的时候。C.在动词forget,remember,regret之后,用动名词与不定式意义不同。-ing表示动作已经发生,-todo表示动作还没发生；Irememberpostingtheletter．I’llremembertoposttheletter．Ishallneverforgetseeingthefamouswriter．Don’tforgettowritetoyourmother．Iregretmissingthereport．IregrettosayIcan’ttakeyouradvice．D.意义各不相同trytodo(设法)meantodo(打算,有意要做)trydoing(试试)meandoing(意思是,意味着)beusedtodoing习惯于做某事beusedtodo被用来做某事can’thelpdoing禁不住做某事can'thelptodo不能帮助做某事E.goondoing继续做一直在做的事;goontodo接着做另一件事。stopdoing停止做某事stoptodo停下正在干的事去干另一件事。3.在介词后接动名词作宾语1)Iinsistontakingproperfoodforthistrip．2)Insteadofsmiling,eachofthemmadeaface．3)Shewasveryinterestedinworkingforourcompany．注：下列短语中的to都是介词,所以动词要接-ing形式:devoteto,objectto,payattentionto,getdownto,leadto,lookforwardto,stickto,beusedto等。三、-ing形式作定语1.单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面,既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能,也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。e.g.buildingmaterials=materialsforbuilding建筑材料drinkingwater=waterfordrinkingawalkingstick=astickforwalkingareadingroom=aroomforreadingawritingdesk=adeskforwritingtiringmusic=musicthatistiringasurprisingresult=aresultthatissurprising2.–ing形式短语作定语时,放在所修饰的名词之后,并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。1）Theylivedinaroomfacingthestreet.=Theylivedinaroomthatfacesthestreet.2）ThemanstandingthereisPeter’sfather.=ThemanwhoisstandingthereisPeter’sfather.3）Anybodyswimminginthisriverwillbefined.=Anybodywhoisswimminginthisriverwillbefined.3.-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,这时,它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。1)Hisbrother,workingasateacher,livesinBeijing.=Hisbrother,whoisworkingasateacher,livesinBeijing.2)Theappletree,swayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.=Theappletree,whichwasswayinggentlyinthebreeze,hadagoodcropoffruit.四、-ing形式作宾语补足语1.1)动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面,表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作,强调一个过程或一种状态。如：(1)Whenwereturnedtotheschool,wefoundastrangerstandingattheentrance.(2)Wefoundthesnakeeatingtheeggs.2)当主句转换为被动结构时,原来作宾语补足语的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。如：Theyfoundtheresultverysatisfying.=Theresultisfoundverysatisfying.Theyheardhimsinginginthenextroom.=Hewasheardsinginginthenextroom.2.能用-ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词:1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词,常见的有see,hear,feel,smell,find,notice,observe,lookat,listento等。a.Wesawalightburninginthewindow.b.Ifeltsomebodypattingmeontheshoulder.c.Canyousmellanythingburning?d.Ashespoke,heobservedeverybodylookingathimcuriously.e.Ididn’tnoticehimwaiting.2)表示指使意义的动词,常见的有have,set,keep,get,catch,leave等。如：Iwon’thaveyoudoingthat.Thissetmethinking.I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Ican’tgettheclockgoingagain.Youwon’tcatchmedoingthatagain.3.see,hear,feel,watch等动词之后用-ing形式和动词不定式作宾语补足语的区别：①前者表示动作正在进行,而后者表示(或强调)动作从开始到结束的全过程。如:Wepassedbytheclassmatesandsawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.我们走过教室,看见老师在做实验。(只在走过教室的刹那间,看见老师正在做实验)五、-ing形式作表语-ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后,用来泛指某种动作或行为,以说明主语的身份、性质或情况。1)Herhobbyispainting.2)Myjobislookingafterthechildren.3)His