Chapter2-Using-Proper-Words(1)

ChapterTwoUsingProperWords•TypeofWords•ChoiceofWords•Synonyms1、TypeofWords•Commonwords•Formalandtechnicalwords•NonstandardwordsCommonwordsthecoreoftheEnglishvocabularyineverydayconversationandininformalwritinglikepersonalletters,diariesandstories美国国家语料库(ANC)2700个常用单词AmericanNationalCorpusWemustrememberthemandlearntousethem.Formalandtechnicalwordsinformalwritinglikearticles,documents,researchpapersandmanuals;andinpublicspeaking“learnedwords”,“literarywords”,or“bigwords”Theyareseldomusedindailyconversation,butmoreofteninwriting.Peoplegetnaturalrubberfromrubbertreesasawhite,milkyliquid,whichiscalledlatex.Theymixitwithacid,anddryit,andthentheysendittocountriesallovertheworld.Naturalrubberisobtainedfromrubbertreesasawhite,milkyliquidknownaslatex.Thisistreatedwithacidanddriedbeforebeingdispatchedtocountriesallovertheworld.Theystartedrubberplantationsincountrieswithhot,wetweatherconditions,butthesestillcouldnotgiveenoughrawrubbertomeettheneedsofgrowingindustry.Rubberplantationswereestablishedincountrieswithahot,humidclimate,butthesestillcouldnotsupplysufficientrawrubbertosatisfytherequirementsofdevelopingindustry.Formanyyearspeopletriedtomakesomethingtotakeitsplace,buttheycouldnotdoit.Intheend,theyfoundawayofmakingartificial,man-maderubberwhichisinmanywaysbetterthanandinsomewaysnotasgoodasnaturalrubber.Formanyyears,attemptsweremadetoproduceasubstitute,buttheywereunsuccessful.Finally,amethodwasdiscoveredofproducingsyntheticrubberwhichisinmanywayssuperiorandinsomewaysinferiortonaturalrubber.Everymorningafterbreakfast,WilburwalkedouttotheroadwithFernandwaitedwithhertillthebuscame.Shewouldwavegood-byetohim,andhewouldstandandwatchthebusuntilitvanishedaroundaturn.WhileFernwasinschool,Wilburwasshutupinsidehisyard.Butassoonasshegothomeintheafternoon,shewouldtakehimoutandhewouldfollowheraroundtheplace.Ifshewentintothehouse,Wilburwent,too.Ifshewentupstairs,Wilburwouldwaitatthebottomstepuntilshecamedownagain.Ifshetookherdollforawalkinthedollcarriage,Wilburfollowedalong.Sometimes,onthesejourneys,Wilburwouldgettired,andFernwouldpickhimupandputhiminthecarriagealongsidethedoll.Helikedthis.Andifhewasverytired,hewouldclosehiseyesandgotosleepunderthedoll'sblanket.Helookedcutewhenhiseyeswereclosed,becausehislashesweresolong.Thedollwouldclosehereyes,too,andFernwouldwheelthecarriageveryslowlyandsmoothlysoasnottowakeherinfants.(fromCharlotte'sWeb)TheremusthavebeenmomentseventhatafternoonwhenDaisytumbledshortofhisdreams—notthroughherownfault,butbecauseofthecolossalvitalityofhisillusion.Ithadgonebeyondher,beyondeverything.Hehadthrownhimselfintoitwithacreativepassion,addingtoitallthetime,deckingitoutwitheverybrightfeatherthatdriftedhisway.Noamountoffireorfreshnesscanchallengewhatamanwillstoreupinhisghostlyheart.那天下午一定有过一些时刻，黛西远不如他的梦想——并不是由于她本人的过错，而是由于他的幻梦有巨大的活力。他的幻梦超越了她，超越了一切。他以一种创造性的热情投入了这个幻梦，不断地添枝加叶，用飘来的每一根绚丽的羽毛加以缀饰。再多的激情或活力都赶不上一个人阴凄凄的心里所能集聚的情思。Gatsbybelievedinthegreenlight,theorgasticfuturethatyearbyyearrecedesbeforeus.Iteludedusthen,butthat'snomatter—tomorrowwewillrunfaster,stretchoutourarmsfarther....Andonefinemorning—Sowebeaton,boatsagainstthecurrent,bornebackceaselesslyintothepast.盖茨比信奉这盏绿灯，这个一年年在我们眼前渐渐远去的极乐的未来。它从前逃脱了我们的追求，不过那没关系——明天我们跑得更快一点，把胳臂伸得更远一点……总有一天……于是我们奋力向前划，逆流向上的小舟，不停地倒退，进入过去。(fromTheGreatGatsby)Nonstandardwordsbythenotwelleducated,orbypeopleofspecialgroupsslang,jargon,dialectalandobsoletewordsunderstandthembutnotusethem“Howdy,Dave!Whutchawant?”嗨，想要点什么？“Youplanningonbuyingsomething?”打算买点什么？“Yourmalettingyouhaveyourownmoneynow?”你妈给你零花钱了？“Youain’tnothingbutaboy.Youdon’tneedagun.”你就是个小毛孩，用不着抢。“What’reyuhdoingheresoearly?”你这么早过来干什么？“Ahdidn’tknowAhwuzgittinupsoearly,MistahHawkins.AhwuzfixinthitchupolJennyntakehertthefiels.”我也不知道咋起这么早，先生，我一会儿就套上驴去地里。（fromTheManWhoWasAlmostAMan)Styleinformalandcolloquialformal2、ChoiceofWordsDictionmeansthechoiceanduseofwords.Wordsarenotrightorwronginthemselves.Whenawordissaidtoberight,thatwordshouldbenotonlygrammaticallybutalsocontextuallycorrect(suitthecontentandstyle).TheRequirementsofDiction：AppropriatenessAccuracy•AppropriatenessAppropriatenessofdictionreferstotherightchoiceofwordstoproducetherighteffect.Takethefollowingfactorsintoconsideration：Thesocialrelationshipbetweenthereaderandthewriter.Thetopicorthemeofthewriting,suchasapersonalletter,astory,anargument,etc.Themodeofdiscourse(spokenorwritten).FiveLayersofWritingStylethefrozenstyle(非常拘谨的文体)Ihatetoaskyou,butIwaswonderingif….theformalstyle(正式的文体)Iwaswonderingifyoucould….themoderatestyle(温和的文体)Iwonderedifyoucould….thecolloquialstyle(随意的文体)Canyouhelpme?theintimatestyle(亲昵的文体)Ineedyourhelp.·AccuracySpecificandconcretewordsGeneralandabstractwordsUsingspecificwordsshouldgoalongwithprovidingdetails.Specificwords:colorful,effectiveandimpressivee.g.Herhusbandisascientist.Herhusbandisabiochemist.Theweatherinwinteristerrible.Theweatherinwinteriscoldandmoist.IdiomaticExpressionsAnidiomisafixedgroupofwordswithaspecialmeaningwhichisdifferentfromthemeaningsofthewordsthatformit.Likeknowslike.Followyournose.acat-and-doglifeIknowthatfromAtoZ.Everyfamily