4-第2章英语词汇的发展

Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary英语词汇的发展Objectives:•IntroducethehistoryandthegeneralcharacteristicsofEnglish;•LetstudentsknowthegrowthofcontemporaryEnglishvocabularyandthemodesofvocabularydevelopmentTeachingfocus:•theIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily•threephasesofthehistoricaldevelopment•generalcharacteristicsofEnglish•threesourcesofcontemporaryEnglishvocabulary•modesofvocabularydevelopment2.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguagefamilyTheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.TheclassificationofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily:•Accordingtovariousdegreesofsimilarityandtheirgeographicaldistribution,thesurvivinglanguagesofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamilyfallinto10principalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternsetandWesternset.TheEasternset:1.Balto-Slavic波罗的斯拉夫语族(thebiggestone)Prussian普鲁士语Lithuanian立陶宛语Polish波兰语Czech捷克语Bulgarian保加利亚语Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语Russian俄罗斯语2.Indo-Iranian印伊语族Persian波斯语Bengali孟加拉语Hindi北印度语Romany吉普赛语3.Armenian亚美尼亚语族Armenian4.Albanian阿尔巴尼语族AlbanianTheWesternSet1.Hellenic希腊语族Greek2.Celtic凯尔特语族Scotish苏格兰语Irish爱尔兰语Welsh威尔士Breton布列塔尼语Pictish皮克特语3.Hittite希泰语族4.Tocharian吐火罗语族5.Italic意大利语族（5romancelanguages）Portuguese葡萄牙语Spanish西班牙语French法语Italian意大利语Rumanian罗马尼亚语6.Germanic日耳曼族English英语German德语Dutch荷兰语Flemish弗来芒语ScandinavianlanguagesNorwegian挪威语Icelandic冰岛语Danish丹麦语Swedish瑞典语2.2ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment•Foreachphaseofthedevelopment,thefollowingpointsmustbemadeclear:–Timerange–FeaturesofEnglish–SocialandhistoricaleventsthatinfluencedEnglishgreatlyOldEnglish(450-1150)•Threequestionsfordiscussion:1.WhoweretheearliestinhabitantsontheBritishIsles?2.WhatareincludedinGermanictribes?3.WhatdoesEnglandmeanandwhywasthecountrycalledEnglandandthelanguageEnglish?4.WhatisthefeatureofOldEnglish?1.ThefirstpeoplesknowntoinhabitthelandwereCelts.2.TheGermanictribesincludeAngles,Saxons,andJutes.TheywerefirstalliesofCeltstofightagainstPictsandScots,butthentheybecamenewconquerors.3.Angles,SaxonsandJutesallhavetheirdialects.TheSaxonswerenumericallysuperiortotheAngles,thelatterwereinfluentialenoughtoimposetheirnameonthewhole.4.OldEnglisharealmostmonogeneousandentirelyGermanicwithonlyafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.Itwasahighlyinflectedlanguage,ofwhichnouns,pronouns,adjectives,verbs,andadverbshadcomplexsystemsofendingsorvowelchangesorboth.MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)•TheNormanConquestanditsinfluenceonEngland–AnewandlargercontinentalculturewasbroughttoEngland.–ItforcedonEngland“Thenationalidea”.•Thesituationofthesimultaneousexistenceofthreelanguages:English----French-----Latin-----adespisedlanguageusedbyboorsandserfsThoseinpower,includingthosewhoheldpoliticalorsocialpowerandthoseinpowerfulChurchpositions.Thosewhowanttomakealivingasascribeandthoseinchurches•Features:–Aperiodofgreatchanges,changesmoreextensiveandfundamentalthanthosethathadtakenplaceatanytimebeforeandsince.–SteadyerosionoftheOldEnglishinflectionalsystems:endingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdistinctionofnumberandcaseandoftenofgenderlosttheirdistinctiveforms.ModernEnglish(1500uptothepresent)ModernEnglishEarlyModern(1500-1700)LateModern(1700uptothepresent)BourgeoisandIndustrialRevolutionRenaissanceAcomparisonofthreephasesOldEnglishAperiodoffullendingsMiddleEnglishAperiodofleveledendingsModernEnglishAperiodoflostendings2.3GeneralCharacteristics1.Receptivity,adaptabilityandheterogeneity–Variety,heterogeneousnesswithforeignelements2.Simplicityofinflection:–OldEnglishisasyntheticlanguage–ModernEnglishisaanalyticlanguage3.Relativelyfixedword-order2.4ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary•ThemajorcontributorstoEnglishareLatin,Greek,FrenchandScandinavian.•ThestudentsareaskedtostudythispartbythemselvesandgettoknowthemajorforeignelementsthatcontributedtothedevelopmentofEnglish.2.5GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary•Threemainsourcesofnewwords:–Rapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandlanguages–Social,economicandpoliticalchanges–Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages2.6ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1.Creation–Theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials2.Semanticchange–Anoldformtakesonanewmeaning3.Borrowing:–Borrowedwordsconstitutesixtosevenpercentofallnewwords.AssignmentQuestions:1.WhyshouldstudentsofEnglishlexicologystudytheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily?2.WhatcharacteristicsofEnglishmaketheEnglishlanguageheterogeneous?3.AccountforthepopularityofEnglishinthepresentworldfromalinguisticperspective.4.Describethecharacteristicsofcontemporaryvocabulary.5.WhatarethemajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentincontemporaryEnglish?