nonverbal-behavior

NonverbalBehaviorGrade:08ACC1Studentsnumber：200834217ZhouBingLing周冰凌Date:2011-11-10NonverbalBehaviorAbstract:Thechoiceofthesubjectofthispapermightseemsurprisingatfirst,asmanypeoplewouldnotperceivemuchnon-verbalcommunicationwhenasimultaneousinterpreterworksnearlyinvisiblyinhisbooth-averycommonimageofinterpretationinpeople’sminds.Weuseverbalandnonverbalwaysofcommunicatingourmoods:enthusiasm,sadness,joy,regret.Keywords1Clinicalstudiesofnonverbalcommunication2Definitionofnon-verbalcommunication3Typesofnonverbalcommunicationandbodylanguage4significanceofnonverbalcommunication5suggestionsofcommunicatingpositively6Conclusions1ClinicalstudiesofnonverbalcommunicationFrom1977to2004,theinfluenceofdiseaseanddrugsonreceptivityofnonverbalcommunicationwasstudiedbyteamsatthreeseparatemedicalschoolsusingasimilarparadigm.ResearchersattheUniversityofPittsburgh,YaleUniversityandOhioStateUniversityhadsubjectsobservegamblersataslotmachineawaitingpayoffs.Theamountofthispayoffwasreadbynonverbaltransmissionpriortoreinforcement.Thistechniquewasdevelopedbyandthestudiesdirectedbypsychologist.(Dr.RobertE,2004).Millerandpsychiatrist.Thesegroupsreporteddiminishedreceptiveabilityinheroinaddictsandphencyclidineabuserswascontrastedwithincreasedreceptivityincocaineaddicts.Menwithmajordepressionmanifestedsignificantlydecreasedabilitytoreadnonverbalcueswhencomparedwitheuthymicmen.Insomesubjectstestedforabilitytoreadnonverbalcues,intuitiveparadigmswereapparentlyemployedwhileinothersacauseandeffectapproachwasused.Subjectsintheformergroupansweredquicklyandbeforereinforcementoccurred.Theycouldnotgivearationalefortheirparticularresponses.Subjectsinthelattercategorydelayedtheirresponseandcouldofferreasonsfortheirchoice.ThelevelofaccuracybetweenthetwogroupsdidnotvarynordidhandednessFreitas-Magalhaesstudiedtheeffectofsmileinthetreatmentofdepressionandconcludedthatdepressivestatesdecreasewhenyousmilemoreoften.Obesewomenandwomenwithpremenstrualsyndromewerefoundtoalsopossessdiminishedabilitiestoreadthesecues.Incontradistinction,menwithbipolardisorderpossessedincreasedabilities.Awomanwithtotalparalysisofthenervesoffacialexpressionwasfoundunabletotransmitorreceiveanynonverbalfacialcueswhatsoever.Becauseofthechangesinlevelsofaccuracyonthelevelsofnonverbalreceptivity,themembersoftheresearchteamhypothesizedabiochemicalsiteinthebrainwhichwasoperativeforreceptionofnonverbalcues.Becausecertaindrugsenhancedabilitywhileothersdiminishedit,theneurotransmittersdopamineandendorphinwereconsideredtobelikelyetiologicalcandidate.Basedontheavailabledata,however,theprimarycauseandprimaryeffectcouldnotbesortedoutonthebasisoftheparadigmemployed.AbyproductoftheworkofthePittsburgh/Yale/OhioStateteamwasaninvestigationoftheroleofnonverbalfacialcuesinheterosexualnondaterape.Maleswhowereserialrapistsofadultwomenwerestudiedfornonverbalreceptiveabilities.Theirscoreswerethehighestofanysubgroup.Rapevictimswerenexttested.Itwasreportedthatwomenwhohadbeenrapedonatleasttwooccasionsbydifferentperpetratorshadahighlysignificantimpairmentintheirabilitiestoreadthesecuesineithermaleorfemalesenders.Theseresultsweretroubling,indicatingapredator-preymodel.Theauthorsdidnotethatwhateverthenatureofthesepreliminaryfindingstheresponsibilityoftherapistwasinnomannerorlevel,diminished.(Dr.A.JamesGiannini,2008)Thefinaltargetofstudyforthisgroupwasthemedicalstudentstheytaught.MedicalstudentsatOhioStateUniversity,OhioUniversityandNorthestOhioMedicalCollegewereinvitedtoserveassubjects.Studentsindicatingapreferenceforthespecialtiesoffamilypractice,psychiatry,pediatricsandobstetrics-gynecologyachievedsignificantlyhigherlevelsofaccuracythanthosestudentswhoplannedtotrainassurgeons,radiologists,orpathologists.Internalmedicineandplasticsurgerycandidatesscoredatlevelsnearthemean.2Definitionofnon-verbalcommunicationTherearescoresofdefinitionsthatresearchersandscholarsusetodefinenon-verbalcommunication.Amongthedefinitionswehavestudied,wechoseanddevelopedthepointsthatseemedessentialtouswithrespecttotheframeofinterpretationthatisgivenforthisessay.Non-verbalcommunicationconsistsofallthemessagesotherthanwordsthatareusedincommunication.Inoralcommunication,thesesymbolicmessagesaretransferredbymeansofintonation,toneofvoice,vocallyproducednoises,bodyposture,bodygestures,facialexpressionsorpauses.Whenindividualsspeak,theynormallydonotconfinethemselvestothemereemissionofwords.Agreatdealofmeaningisconveyedbynon-verbalmeanswhichalwaysaccompanyoraldiscourse–intendedornot.Inotherwords,aspokenmessageisalwayssentontwolevelssimultaneously,verbalandnon-verbal.3TypesofnonverbalcommunicationandbodylanguageLanguageisourprincipalmeansofcommunicating,butitisn’ttheonlyoneweuse.Wecommunicatewhenwetransmitinformationaboutourselvestoothersandreceivesuchinformationfromthem.Ourfacialexpressions,bodilystance,gestures,andmovement,evenifunconscious,conveyinformationandarepartofourcommunicationstyles.Therearemanydifferenttypesofnonverbalcommunication.Together,thefollowingnonverbalsignalsandcuescommunicateyourinterestandinvestmentinothers.3.1Facialexpre