【步步高】2015届高三英语(北师大版・通用)总复习【配套课件】：专题十三 名词

专题十三名词英语北师大版◆名词的考查要点1．可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)，cattle。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boy­friend→boy­friends，go­between→go­betweens(中间人)，grown­up→grown­ups。(3)有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物，wages工资，riches财富，surroundings环境，ashes灰尘，compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，havewordswithsb.同某人吵架，inhighspirits以很高热情地，giveone’sregardstosb.向某人问候，inrags衣衫破烂，Itisgoodmannerstodosth.有礼貌做某事。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police;有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：Thecrewislarge.船员人数很多(指整体)。Thecrewarealltired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2．不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(个体名词，可数名词)insurprise惊讶地asurprise一件令人惊讶的事winsuccess获得成功asuccess一个(件)成功的人(事)winhonor赢得荣誉anhonor引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败afailure失败者byexperience靠经验anexperience一次经历withpleasure乐意apleasure乐事②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim，bath，talk)withme?Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。物质名词有形或数的相应物体时，有单、复数。如：somecoffee一些咖啡，acoffee一杯咖啡，threecoffees三杯咖啡，somedrink一些饮料，adrink一杯饮料，threedrinks三杯饮料，hishair他的头发，afewgreyhairs几根白发，glass玻璃，aglass一只玻璃杯。3．名词所有格“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：(1)用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’snewspaper，fiveminutes’walk(drive)，fivepounds’weight，tendollars’worthofcoffee。(2)用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：theworld’spopulation，China’sindustry，NewYork’sparks。4．名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。(1)分类意义。airpollution空气污染boyfriend男朋友coffeecup咖啡杯bodylanguage身体语言roadaccident交通事故theNobelPrize诺贝尔奖(2)时间、地点、称呼等。DoctorJack杰克医生ProfessorLi李教授eveningschool夜校wintersleep冬眠(3)表目的、手段、来源、所属意义。receptiondesk接待台sportsfield田径场stonetable石桌colorTV彩电5．几组常考名词辨析(1)cause，reason，excusecause是造成某种客观事实或现象的原因，后接介词of;reason是说明一种看法或行为的理由，后接介词for;excuse是“借口、辩解”的意思。Carelessnessisthecauseoftheaccident.Thereasonforhercominglatewasthathercarbrokedownontheway.Lateagain!What’syourexcuseofthistime?(2)sight，view，scene，scenery①sight指“景色”时为可数名词，往往指眼见的景色，如供人游览的“美景”或“名胜”，尤指人工制成的景色。ComeandseethesightsofLondon.②view通常指自然景色，或指从远处或高处看到的景观、景物。Wecangetaverygoodviewoftheseafromthetopofthetower.③scene所表达的景色常是scenery的一部分，常指自然景色，也可指舞台的场景、现实生活中的场景、场面、情景。Thesunriseisabeautifulscene.Iwastouchedbythehappyscene.④scenery指某地总的自然风景或景色，尤指美丽的乡间景色，是不可数名词。Thebestpartofthetripwasthescenery.Itwasfantastic.(3)award，reward两者既可作名词也可作动词。award用作名词时，意为“奖品”、“奖金”，用作动词时，常用于awardsth.tosb.中；reward作名词时，意为“报酬”、“奖励”、“报答”，用作动词时，常用于rewardsb.forsth.。Hewonthefirstawardinthesingingcontest.Hereceivedarewardof$900fromthepoliceforcatchingthecriminal.(4)habit，custom，customshabit指个人在长时间内逐渐养成的、一时不易改变的行为和习惯；custom则强调社会、民族经过一个较长时间过程而形成的“风俗”、“习惯”；customs为复数名词，意思是“关税”、“进口税”，当首字母大写并与the连用时表示“海关”的意思。【题组训练】选词填空reach，cause，custom，reward，point，tradition，view，panic1．“Tommy，run!Bequick!Thehouseisonfire！”themothershouted，withclearlyinhervoice.2．There’sainourofficethatwhenit’ssomebody’sbirthday，theybringinacakeforusalltoshare.3．What’sthe，inyouropinion，ofhelpinghimifhedoesn’tmakeanefforttohelphimself?panictraditionpoint4．Thelackofeco­friendlyhabitsamongthepublicisthoughttobeamajorofglobalclimatechange.5．Alwaysremembertoputsuchdangerousthingsasknivesoutofchildren’s.6．Wehaveafineofthelakefromourhotelwindow.7．HowcanIyouforyourhelp?8．Socialvarygreatlyfromcountrytocountry.causereachviewrewardcustoms◆语法填空AIntheclinic，IaskedifMichaelcouldberetested，sothespecialisttestedhimagain.Tomy1.(disappoint)，itwasthesamescore.Laterthatevening，ItearfullytoldFrank2.Ihadlearnedthatday.Aftertalkingitover，weagreedthatweknewoursonmuch3.(good)thantheIQtest.WedecidedthatMichael’sscoremusthavebeenamistakeandweshouldtreathimnaturally4.usual.disappointmentwhatbetterasWemovedtoIndianain1962，andMichaelstudiedatConcordiaHighSchoolinthesameyear.Hegotgoodgradesintheschool，especially5.biologyandchemistry，whichwasagreatcomfort.MichaelenteredIndianaUniversityin1965asapre­medicalstudent，soonafterwards，histeacherspermittedhimtotakemorecoursesthanrequired.In1968，hewasaccepted6.theSchoolofMedicine，YaleUniversity.inbyOn7.(graduate)dayin1972，FrankandIattendedtheceremonyatYale.Aftertheceremony，wetoldMichaelaboutthelowIQscorehegotwhenhewassix.Itwashisspecialwayofthankingusforthefaithwehadinhim.8.(interest)，MichaelthenaskedforanotherIQtest.Wewenttothesameclinic，9.hehadreceivedthetesteighteenyearsbefore.ThistimeMichaelscored126，anincreaseof36points.Aresult10.thatwassupposedtobeimpossible.graduationInterestinglywherelikeBIstillrememberwhenfathertaughtmehowtosay“Iloveyou”，Iwouldscreambackwith“Iloveyou，dad.”WhenIwasgrowingup，IfoundthatIhadlittleincommon1.myfather.Sometimesweoftenarguedaboutsomething2.(sharp)andthentheargumentchangedintoaquarrel.Iknewthere’sagap3.usfortheage.Thewords“Iloveyou”disappearedforalongtime.withsharplybetweenMyfatherneeded4.operation，butthedoctorsweren’tsure5.myfatherwasabletosurviveit.Everythinginmychildhood6.(appear)inmymind.ThenIcalledhimandsaid，“Dad...Iloveyou！