英语语法大全完全版7

A．介词的宾语1225介词后面一般紧跟宾语。这种定语是名词或相当于名词的东西。一共有11种关型。12261．名词：Iliveinasmallhouse．Wearewalkingalongthestreet．Iwillansweryouconcerningyourrequest．12272．代词：Ispoketothem．Heisinterestedinit．Hewrotetomeconcerninghimself．12283．动名词：Hespenttheafternooninswimming．HelearnsEnglishbyreadingEnglishpapers．Heinsistedongoingbacktothehotel．12294．不定式：Hedidnothingbut（orexcept）（to）sleep．Everythingisallowedexcepttodisturbothers．Whatdoeshedosave（to）talknonsense？Iwouldsoonerdiethan（to）yield．Iknowbetterthantoarguewithsucharascal．（Iwillnotargue．）Icoulddonootherwisethan（to）laugh．（Icouldnotbutlaush．）（不定式一般不能用作介词的宾语，只有在save，but，ex-cept和than后可以。在这样用时to常常省略。）12305．疑问词+不定式：Theproblemofwhattodoisdifficulttosettle．Thatdependsonwhichmethodtouse．Wehaveinformedhimofwhentosendthemerchandise．Haveyoureceivedmyletterregardinghowtosendthemoney？（在任何适当介词后这种结构都可使用）12316．表示时间或地点的副词：Weallhavetrustedhimtillnow（ortillrecently）．Hehasbeenillsincethen．Hehasneverseenanyonesincethreeyearsago．I'llloveyouforever．Ishallhavefinisheditbytomorrow．Weshallmeetagainbeforelong．Hecamefromafar．Hehasjustreturnedfromabroad．Newtroublesarosefromwithin（orfromhere，fromallaround，fromhardby，frombelow，fromelse-where）．比较：Hestoodinhere（oroutthere）．（这里in和out是副词，不是介词。）（能以副词作宾语的介词为数不多）12327．形容词：Inshort，Ihaveexplainedeverything．Atfirst，hefailed；butatlast，hesucceeded．Hehasatleastathousandfriends．Ihaveadvisedhiminpublicandinprivate．Hewasilloflate．（只在少数成语中可在介词后用形容词）12338．介词短语：Hecamefromacrosstheriver．（across=aplaceacross）Hereturnedfrombeyondthesea．（beyond=aplacebeyond）Hewasshotfrombehindthehedge．Hestoletobehindtheenemy．Theenemysuddenlyappearedfromjustbelowourfeet．（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）Hehasbeenillsincebeforethewar．（before=atimebe-fore）Iwriteuptoaboutmidnight．（about=atimeabout）Hereadtillintothenight．HedidnotseehertillaboutlastSunday．Iworkedtillafterfour．Theyhavestayedforabovetendays．Thestormcontinuedfrombeforesunrisetillaftermid-night．Hehadarrivedbysoonafterten（两个介词之间夹入一个副词）Iboughtitatovertendollars．（over=apriceover）Icansellitforunderyourprice．Idroveatfrom30to40milesanhour．（from…to=adistancefrom…to）Idroveatbetween30and40milesanhour．（between…and=adistancebetween…and）Thisjobisdonebyfrom40to50men．12349．That引起的从句：Iknownothingexceptthat（orsavethat）hestoodatthespotwherethemurderwascommitted．Mandiffersfromotheranimalsinthatmancanlaughandspeak．Heisnotcontentnotwithstandingthat（=although）heisrich．IwouldstudyabroadbutthatIampoor．Iwouldhavebeenapoliticianbutthatmyfatherforbademeto．（除了在except，in，save，but，notwithstanding之后，介词后一概不能用that引起的从句作宾语。）123510．疑问词引起的从句：Theyweredisputingaboutwheretheyshouldgo．Hedoesnotcareaboutwhowillbethepresident．Hewantstobeinformedofwhichcollegeisthebestforhim．Hissuccessdependsonwhetherhewillworkhard．Haveyouanyideaastowhenthewarwillend？（疑问词前的介词有时可以省略）123611．名词（代词）+形容词（或相当于形容词的东西）：这种宾语通常跟在介词with后，表示伴随的情况：Helayonthefloorwithhisfeetice-cold（形容词）（withhisfeetice-cold=hisfeetbeingice-cold）Heisawayfromhomewithheralone（=shebeingalone）．Withthesunup（地点副词），thebirdstwitterednoisily．Shewenttothemarketwithherchildbehind．Hewanderedaboutwithoutacentinhispocket（介词短语）．Withhiswifeoutoftemper，hecan'tstayathome．Hewenttothepartywithhisshoesshiningandcreaking（现在分词）．Therevolutionbrokeoutwithmillionsofpeoplescreamingandshouting．Hecamewithagift（whichwas）beautifullypacked（过去分词）．Thepolicereturnedwithathiefboundupinrope．Theysatfacetofacewithoutawordsaid．Hereturnedhomewithalotofproblemstosettle（不定式）．Hewanderedoverthevillagewithadog（whichwas）thesize（=ofthesize）ofacalf．HestudiesMalaywithMaryhisonlyclassmate（同位语）．这种宾语间或可用在其他介词后面：“After”allsaidanddone（过去分词），thisseemsthebestone．Haveyoueverheard“of”anuprightmanabandonedbyhisfriend？Theycelebratedthatday“for”thefreedomregained．“Inspiteof”somuchtimeandmoneyspent，here-mainsabachelor．Hissuccessdepends“on”him（orhis）working（现在分词）hard．Thefact“of”John（orJohn's）marryingawomanofpleasureshockedhisfamily．Hissuccessdepends“upon”themethodtouse（=whichhewilluse）（不定式）．B．副词与介词的差别1237许多介词可以用作地点副词，不过有时不易看出它们是否用作副词。根本差别是，介词总跟有宾语，而副词后从不跟有宾语。不过，必须指出，如此副词，往往就是省略了宾语的介词。（省略是因为从上下文可猜出宾语是什么）：带介词的句子带副词的句子Childrenmustkeep（不及Childrenmustkeepoff．物动词）offthis（在读者或听话人可以清楚dangerousplace．离开什么地方时才这样说）Iwentbeforethem．Iwentbefore．Hestoodbetweenus．Hestoodbetween．JohnwanderedaboutJohnwanderedabout．thestreets．TheanimalsliveinsideTheanimalsliveinside．thecave．Hewentupthemountain．Hewentup．Hedashedintothehouse．Hedashedin（不是into）．WewereleftbehindtheWewereleftbehind．rest．Itook（及物动词）thelugga-Itooktheluggageingeintothehouse．（不是into）．HesailedhisboatacrossHesailedhisboatacross．theriver．Throwitoutsidethehouse．Throwitoutside．Don'tdragthecatuptheDon'tdragthecatup．staircase．Theoldman（名词）acrossTheoldmanacrossismythestreetismyuncle．uncle．SomepeoplebehindtheSomepeoplebehindscenesupporthim．supporthim．ThebeautifulprospectThebeautifulprospectbeforeusisencouraging．beforeisencouraging．但地点副词除了表示地点，还可表示其他东西，这时就不能认为是把介词宾语省略：Howdiditcomeabout（=happen）？Theplanfellthrough（=failed）．Themachinebrokedown．Howareyougettingalong？Wehavegivenup．Hehasgrownup．Holdon！1238此外我们还应把“及物动词+地点副词”这种动词短语（如：Hekeptdownhistemper．和Heleftbehindhisclothesandhat．中的斜体词）和“不及