语言学教程Face-theory

FaceTheory面子论IntroductionIn1978,BrownandLevinsonpublishedthebookPoliteness:SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsage（礼貌：语言使用中的一些共性）,inwhichtheydevelopedGoffman's(1976)notionoffaceintothewell-knownFaceTheory(FTforshort).StephenC.LevinsonPenelopeBrownIntroductionIntheirview,politenesswasthevariousrationalbehaviorsofaModelPersontosatisfyhisfacewants.AModelPersonhadtwospecialproperties--rationalityandface.Rationality（理性）:Theapplicationofaspecificmodeofreasoning-whatAristotle(1969)called‘practicalreasoning’（实用主义）--whichguaranteesinferencesfromendsorgoalstomeansthatwillsatisfythoseends.ConstititionofFaceFacethepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself.Itreferstothatemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.Faceconsistsoftworelatedaspects:1)Negativeface2)PositivefaceNegativefaceItrefersthatpeoplehopetohavethefreedomofchoosing,donotwishtobeimposedbyothersandtheirbehaviorsdonotsufferfrominterference,hinder.消极面子指的是不希望别人强加于自己，自己的行为不受人的干涉和阻碍，希望自己有自己的选择。E.g.:threat、warning、orderPositivefaceItrefersthatpeoplewishtogetapproval,appreciationandrespectfromothers.积极面子指的是希望得到别人的赞同、喜爱、欣赏和尊敬。E.g.:Itisverykindofyou.Youarebeautiful.NegativefacepositivefaceFacethreateningacts(FTAs)Somespeechactscharacterizedbyoriginalthreatfacethemselveswillthreatentheface,whicharecalledFaceThreateningActs(FTAS)有些言语行为具有固定的威胁面子的性质,本身会威胁到面子，这些行为被称作“威胁面子行为”。“Face”inChinesecultureTheconceptionoffaceinChinesecultureisdifferentfromBrownandLevinson’sdefinition.BrownandLevinsondeclarethatfaceistheself-imageinsociallife.Itisobviouslythattheyputgreatemphasisonindividual.WhattheycallFATsarethosethatthreatenthefaceofthespeakerorhearer.中国人的脸，不但可以洗，可以刮，并且可以丢，可以赏，可以留。—林语堂要脸，赏脸，丢脸，争脸，爱面子，丢面子，留面子，碍面子，有面子，争面子，讲情面，不要脸，无脸见人，撕破脸皮，翻脸不认人，打肿脸充胖子，不看僧面看佛面，死要面子活受罪。阿Q孔已己饿死事小失节事大“Face”inChinesecultureInChinesecultureandsociallife,“脸”or“面子”isusedtocontrolandmodulate（调节）socialacts.Wecanunderstandtheimplicationoffaceasthefollowing:个人需要不要超过社会给予的身份地位，代表的是个人从属于社会的价值观。—顾曰国Chineseattachmoreimportancetoindividual’ssubordination（从属）tothesociety,becauseChinesecultureiscollectivity-centered（以集体为中心的）.