专业英语期末考试试题

《专业英语》期末考试试题（开卷）1.GreenChemistryisthedesign,development,andimplementationofchemicalproductsandprocessestoreduceoreliminatetheuseandgenerationofsubstanceshazardoustohumanhealthandtheenvironment.Unlikeregulatoryrequirementsforpollutionprevention,GreenChemistryisaninnovative,non-regulatory,economicallydrivenapproachtowardsustainability.GreenChemistryconsiderstheentirelifecycleofchemicalprocessesasanopportunityfordesigninnovation.Ratherthanregulatoryrestrictionsforcontrollinghazards,GreenChemistrychallengesinnovatorstodesignandutilizematterandenergyinawaythatincreasesperformanceandvaluewhileprotectinghumanhealthandtheenvironment.（20分）2.Theunitoperationsareasapplicabletomanyphysicalprocessesastochemicalones.Forexample,theprocessusedtomanufacturecommonsaltconsistsofthefollowingsequenceoftheunitoperations:transportationofsolidsandliquids,transferofheat,evaporation,crystallization,drying,andscreening.Nochemicalreactionappearsinthesesteps.Ontheotherhand,thecrackingofpetroleum8,withorwithouttheaidofacatalyst,isatypical-chemicalreactionconductedonanenormousscale.Heretheunitoperations—transportationoffluidsandsolids,distillation,andvariousmechanicalseparations—arevital,andthecrackingreactioncouldnotbeutilizedwithoutthem.Thechemicalstepsthemselvesareconductedbycontrollingtheflowofmaterialandenergytoandfromthereactionzone.（20分）3.Chemicalengineeringisaboveallbasedonthechemicalsciences,suchasphysicalchemistry,chemicalthermodynamics,andchemicalkinetics.Indoingso,however,itdoesnotsimplycopytheirfindings,butadaptsthemtobulkchemicalprocessing.Theprincipalobjectivesthatsetchemicalengineeringapartfromchemistryasapurescience,is“tofindthemosteconomicalrouteofoperationandtodesigncommercialequipmentandaccessoriesthatsuititbestofall”.Therefore,chemicalengineeringisinconceivablewithoutclosetieswitheconomics,physics,mathematics,cybernetics,appliedmechanics,andothertechnicalsciences.（20分）4.Themoderneraofpolymersciencebelongstothechemicalengineer.Overtheyears,polymerchemistshaveinventedawealthofnovelmacromoleculesandpolymers.Yetunderstandinghowthesemoleculescanbesynthesizedandprocessedtoexhibittheirmaximumtheoreticalpropertiesisstillafrontierforresearch.Onlyrecentlyhasmoderninstrumentationbeendevelopedtohelpusunderstandthefundamentalinteractionsofmacromoleculeswiththemselves,withparticulatesolids,withorganicandinorganicfibers,andwithothersurfaces.Chemicalengineersareusingthesetoolstoprobethemicroscaledynamicsofmacromolecules.Usingtheinsightgainedfromthesetechniques,theyaremanipulatingmacromolecularinteractionsbothtodevelopimprovedprocessesandtocreatenewmaterials.（20分）5.Industrialwastetreatment.Thehazardousorganiccomponentsinindustrialwastewatercouldbedestroyedwiththermocatalyticorphotocatalyticprocesses.Apromisinglineofresearchemploys“supercritical”waterathightemperaturesandpressures.Undertheseconditions,waterexhibitsverydifferentchemicalandphysicalproperties.Itdissolvesreactionsofmanymaterialsthatarenearlyinertundernormalconditions.（20分）