高一英语语法

1/27高一英语语法一.句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtohealth.（动名词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Classisover.（副词）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）2/27Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的特征或状态的。Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。isabeautifulcity.（形容词）isadevelopingcountry;isadevelopedcountry.（分词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedtheexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）（九）同位语：用来说明或者解释同一事物或人，通常放在所说明的名词或者代词之后。可由以下形式表示：Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtous.YesterdayImetTom,afriendofmybrother's.Thefactthathehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedeverybody．3/27★即时训练：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.Hetookmanyphotosofthepalacesin.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.Heistoleavefortomorrow.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?15.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.16.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.17.Henoticedamanentertheroom.18.Theapplestastedsweet.二.英语句子分类一）句子种类两种分类法4/271、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.三.简单句的五种基本句型1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主语+谓语（不及物动词）：e.g.Wework.3、主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.5/274、主语+谓语+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主语+谓语+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.★即时训练：判断简单句的五种基本句型。1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．8.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.9.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching.10.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.11.Theideasoundsgreat.12.Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.13.I’llgetmyhaircuttomorrow.14.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.15.Theoldmanlivesalonelylife.四.定语从句讲解(1)（一）定义及相关术语1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。6/272．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中，whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句，修饰先行词theman，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词theman，在定语从句中作主语。（二）定语从句的分类定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限)Thereissomebodyherewhowantstospeaktoyou这里有人要和你说话(限制性)（二）关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词一览表1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.那就是教我们物理的老师。7/272．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。*具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1、只能使用that,不用which的情况：*1）当先行词是：all,any,much;little;none;anything,everything,nothing或被它们修饰时。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有什么可以为你做的吗？Allthatcanbedonemustbedone.凡是能做的都必须做。*2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：Thatisoneofthemostinterestingbooksthataresoldinthebookshop.那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书8/27一。Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistogetsomefood.我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。*3）当先行词有：theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。例如：Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingthat'smissing.我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。*4）当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that