浅谈运动场草坪建植与养护

题目：浅谈运动场草坪建植与养护目录摘要······················································································································1关键词···················································································································1前言······················································································································21.场地概况·············································································································31.1气候条件········································································································31.2土壤分析········································································································32.草坪建植············································································································32.1草坪草种选择··································································································32.2场地准备········································································································32.3草坪播种········································································································43.草坪养护管理······································································································43.1修剪·············································································································43.2施肥·············································································································43.3灌溉·············································································································53.4病虫害防治····································································································53.5杂草防除·······································································································53.6草坪修剪·······································································································53.6.1表施土壤··································································································53.6.2滚压·······································································································63.6.3补播·······································································································64.小结···················································································································65.致谢…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………76.参考文献……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………81摘要本文对运动场场地现状做了分析，针对运动场草坪的坪床特点和质量要求，阐述了运动场草坪建植与养护的相关内容。关键词：草坪，运动场，建植，养护管理2前言近年来随着生活品质不断提高，人们对足球场的要求也大大提高。足球整体球技的发挥除与足球运动员的球技有关外，也与足球场草坪的质量有一定关系。因为足球场草坪的回弹率、质地等因素与足球在草坪上的滚动、落点有很大关系，而且可能影响到运动员的跑动、情绪以及球技的发挥。足球场建造的必要条件：草坪运动场从要求低修剪的高尔夫球果领到高修剪的赛马场，无论哪一种都有以下条件。足球场地的要求更是严格。失去这些特性就不能称得上是好的草坪足球场地。土壤抗板结能力强，耐践踏；土壤板结和草坪损坏后恢复快；草种茎叶密植性强、能形成美丽的草坪；草种耐低修剪；弹性好；苗床表面结实、不宜被成块挖起。以上这些必备的条件满足以后，还要进行病虫害的防治杂车的防除，还有草坪的颜色也是一个好的足球场非常重要的条件。足球场草坪是足球运动场质量好坏的重要指标，其技术要求比一般草坪绿地要高。足球场草坪要求草种好、耐践踏、时间长、不退化、草层薄、地毯化。31.场地概况1.1气候条件某校地处四川成都都江堰，年均气温15.2℃，最冷月日平均气温4.6℃，年极端最低气温-5℃，干燥度0.63，四季分明。平均年日照数1024.2小时，占可照时数的23%，年均无霜期269天。境内雨量充沛，年平均降水量为1243.8毫米，但季节分布不均，80%集中在5—9月，总体上云雾多，日照少，干湿季节不明显，属我国中亚热带湿润季风气候。1.2土壤分析由于原操场一直处于使用状态，土壤已经板结，空隙少，呈块状，土壤干燥，营养元素缺乏，暗棕色，PH=5.6，显然已不能适合植物的生长。由于土壤单薄，我们采用深土回填，清除现有的土壤，进行换土。2、草坪建植2.1草坪草种的选择就足球场建设要求结合我们学校的立地条件、以及首先确定草坪草种的选择。狗牙根(Bermudagrass)又名百慕大、拌根草、爬根草、铺地草。属禾本科狗牙根属多年生草本植物，为暖季型草。具有根状茎及匍匐枝，匍匐枝的扩展能力极强，侵占性和抗杂草入侵能力很强。叶色浓绿，该草植株低矮，耐践踏，质地较细，厚密，性喜光稍耐荫、耐旱，喜温暖湿润，具有一定的耐寒能力。适宜的土壤酸碱性范围很广（pH值为5.5-7.5），其中，以湿润且排水条件良好的中等到较粘性的土壤上生长最好，在轻沙盐碱地中生长也较好。最适宜生长温度为20－35℃，当温度达到24℃时长势最好，当温度低于16℃时停止生长，当土壤温度低于10℃开始褪色并逐渐休眠，；当日均温下降至6—9~C时生长缓慢，开始变黄；当日均温为2-3℃时，其茎叶死亡，以其根状茎和匍匐茎越冬。翌年则靠越冬部分体眠芽萌发生长。从北纬53°至南纬45°，从海平面以上至海拔3000米左右都有分布，是当前我国南方最主要的暖季型草坪草。绿期长，在华南270天，华东、华中245天，成都地区250天左右。根据各种草种的生活习性的对比，并结合都江堰本地的天气及土壤状况决定选择种植狗牙根为本校足球场的建坪草种。2.2场地准备（1）现场清除一切有碍足球场建设的事物，如规划区域内的树木、周边多余的遮阴植物、建筑物和杂物等。（有利用价值的树种可进行大树移栽）（2）原土壤处理：将表土推排出去，切取土壤70—80cm，原被植层和劣质土运走，优质土放一边备用。4（3）用草甘磷喷洒场地，盖上聚乙烯24-28小时进行熏蒸，以消灭场地中的杂草和杂草种子。（4）设置暗道，并用卵石填充15—20厘米厚，在暗道上层填充碎石15—20厘米。在碎石上填充砂壤土30厘米，使之保持从中间向两边有0.2%-0.5%的坡度，以利排水。并且清除石块、碎石，使土壤结构由0.5-2.5厘米直径的团粒组成。（5）设置地下灌溉系统，保证草坪草的生长过程有充足的水分供应。（6）种植前还需将15000kg/hm2的泥炭土干粉、过磷酸钙15000kg/hm2与10-20cm的表土充分拌混。2.3草坪播种参照各地气候变化规律以及狗牙根的生物学特性，我们选择在春末夏初时节采用播种法进行建坪，此时温度高、湿度大，是暖季型草坪生长的合适季节，每平方米用种量为10—12g，拌泥沙撒播。播后轻耙、镇压或覆层薄泥沙，浇水使种子与土壤接触，有利于种子萌发。播后覆盖一层0.5—1cm的泥炭粉和沙（比例为1：1）的混合物，浇灌使土壤表层5cm内保持湿润。一般播后10—14天出苗，40一50天后成坪。播种之后要用镇压器进行镇压，以使草种与土壤充分接触快速发芽生长。3、草坪养护管理草坪一旦建成之后，为了保证质量和效果，延长其使用寿命，需要加强运动场草坪的养护和管理，主要包括修剪、施肥、灌溉、病虫害防治、草坪除草和草坪修复等。3.1修剪草坪的修剪是草坪管理中最基本、最重要的工作之一。适当的修剪的好处在于：1）可促进草坪草分枝，增加草坪的密度和平整度；2）可以抑制草坪中混生杂草开花结实，使杂草失去繁衍后代的机会；3）改善草坪的密度和通气性，减少病害和虫害的发生；4）能增加草坪“弹性”；5）提高草坪的观赏性及其利用效果。狗牙根草生长迅速，若疏于修剪，容易造成茎质老化粗硬，难以挽回其原有细致外观。修剪应遵循“1／3原则”，即剪掉的部分不能超过叶片自然高度(未剪前的高度)1／3，直至草坪草完全覆盖床面为止。一般草长至7～8cm高度时开始修剪。狗牙根建植的足球场修剪高度一般为2.5—3.5厘米。修剪工作常在土壤较硬时进行，剪草机刀刃应锋利，调整高度应适当。为避免对幼苗的过度伤害，修剪工作最好在下午进行。在生长季节，每周应修剪1次。在较凉爽或干旱季节里2--3周修剪1次即可呈现美丽景色。（注：修剪掉的碎草要及时清除掉，防止病虫害的产生）3.2施肥作为草坪养护管理的重要手段，施肥是为草坪草提供养料的重要措施。它与灌溉、修剪一样，同为改善草坪持久性和质量的决定因素，而且是成本低、见效快的措施之一。每年施肥根据具体情况确5定，如在3~4月施肥（尿素1kg/100m