中国古代中央集权专制制度的发展和演变

各个公司可以自行设计各种单据，并将单据内容与结果列示在“实验过程中使用的表格”中，可以注明单据设计人与单据使用效果。SafetySupervisionBureauoftheparty'smasslineeducationalpracticereformprogramtopromotetheimplementationoftherectification,establishanewsystemtowork,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthecountyPartycommittee,CountySafetySupervisionBureauleadershipcheckoutthefourwindsthereareproblems,makethefollowingimplementationoftherectificationprogram.First,theguidingideologyandbasicprinciplesof(a)guidethought:theparty'seighteen,theeighteensessionofthesecond,theThirdPlenarySessionofthespiritasaguide,conscientiouslyimplementthespiritofgeneralsecretaryXiJinping'simportantspeechseries,instrictaccordancewiththelookinthemirror,dressup,washbath,curetreatment,thegeneralrequirements,focusonmaintainingtheparty'sadvancednatureandpurity,closelylinkedtothepeopleandpragmaticcleanthemainAndlookinthemirror,dressup,washbath,curetreatment,thegeneralrequirementsoffocustosolvethefourwindsissue,thepriorityamongprioritiesrectificationasfirmlyputthefourwinds,thesystemconstructionisthefundamentalstrategyofthecomprehensivewipeouttherootcause,inordertopromotetheimplementationoftherectificationandtheestablishmentoftheworktoensurethateducationalpracticefromstarttofinish,goodtodogood,credibility,benefitthemasses,promotethesustainedandhealthydevelopmentoftheworkofproductionsafetyscience(two).Basicprinciples:1,adeepunderstandingofthebasicprinciplesofcarryingouttheparty'smasslineeducationalpractice:oneisthecentraladheretopositiveeducation,twoistoinsistoncriticismandselfcriticismThree,adheretothepragmatic,fouristoadheretoguidance,adheretotheleadership.Thefiveis2,combinedwiththeactualworkoftheunit,oneistoadheretotheleadership.Theoneresponsible,startfromthepartyandamemberoftheteamtotakethelead,thefirstchangequickly,reallychangerealchange,undertheaboverate,establishabenchmark.Thetwoistoinsistonfocusingonthefourwinds.Ingeneraltherectificationatthesametime,focusingonremediationfourwindsproblemisnottoletgo,toseizethepeoplemostobjectionable,reflectthemostintensefocusonsolvingaproblem,arenovation,acrucialone.Thethreeistoadherestrictlyfrom中国古代中央集权专制制度的发展和演变专制主义中央集权制度，是我国封建社会的基本政治制度。是指君主掌握国家最高权力，并通过军政官僚机关管理、控制国家的政体。包括皇帝制、官像政治和中央集权等方面，其基本特征是皇权至高无上和不可分割，皇权不可转让，皇位实行世袭，君尊臣卑等。皇权愈来愈尊，臣民愈来愈卑，是古代专制主义中央集权发展的总趋势。专制主义中央集权制度的发展变化：①战国时期初步形成：战国时期封建经济的发展、新兴地主阶级力量的增长(新兴地主是在春秋时期铁制农具的出现和牛耕技术发展前提下形成的)、国家局部统一局面的出现，为中央集权制度的形成创造了社会条件。为适应新兴地主加强专政和保护封建经济发展的需要，初步确立起君主集权的政治体制。这为秦建立专制主义中央集权制度提供了成功的经验。法家的重要代表人物韩非子提出的中央集权和以法治国的思想，形成了一套系统的中央集权理论。②秦朝正式建立：秦始皇统一中国后，继承了商鞅变法的成果并实践了韩非子的理论，创立专制主义中央集权的政治制度。它既包括皇帝对中央百官的控制，又包括对地方及各级官吏及百姓的控制，从而把专制主义的决策方式和中央集权的政治制度有机地结合在了一起，正式确立了专制主义中央集权的政治制度。这对战国前的分封制来说是一大进步；对各个公司可以自行设计各种单据，并将单据内容与结果列示在“实验过程中使用的表格”中，可以注明单据设计人与单据使用效果。SafetySupervisionBureauoftheparty'smasslineeducationalpracticereformprogramtopromotetheimplementationoftherectification,establishanewsystemtowork,inaccordancewiththerequirementsofthecountyPartycommittee,CountySafetySupervisionBureauleadershipcheckoutthefourwindsthereareproblems,makethefollowingimplementationoftherectificationprogram.First,theguidingideologyandbasicprinciplesof(a)guidethought:theparty'seighteen,theeighteensessionofthesecond,theThirdPlenarySessionofthespiritasaguide,conscientiouslyimplementthespiritofgeneralsecretaryXiJinping'simportantspeechseries,instrictaccordancewiththelookinthemirror,dressup,washbath,curetreatment,thegeneralrequirements,focusonmaintainingtheparty'sadvancednatureandpurity,closelylinkedtothepeopleandpragmaticcleanthemainAndlookinthemirror,dressup,washbath,curetreatment,thegeneralrequirementsoffocustosolvethefourwindsissue,thepriorityamongprioritiesrectificationasfirmlyputthefourwinds,thesystemconstructionisthefundamentalstrategyofthecomprehensivewipeouttherootcause,inordertopromotetheimplementationoftherectificationandtheestablishmentoftheworktoensurethateducationalpracticefromstarttofinish,goodtodogood,credibility,benefitthemasses,promotethesustainedandhealthydevelopmentoftheworkofproductionsafetyscience(two).Basicprinciples:1,adeepunderstandingofthebasicprinciplesofcarryingouttheparty'smasslineeducationalpractice:oneisthecentraladheretopositiveeducation,twoistoinsistoncriticismandselfcriticismThree,adheretothepragmatic,fouristoadheretoguidance,adheretotheleadership.Thefiveis2,combinedwiththeactualworkoftheunit,oneistoadheretotheleadership.Theoneresponsible,startfromthepartyandamemberoftheteamtotakethelead,thefirstchangequickly,reallychangerealchange,undertheaboverate,establishabenchmark.Thetwoistoinsistonfocusingonthefourwinds.Ingeneraltherectificationatthesametime,focusingonremediationfourwindsproblemisnottoletgo,toseizethepeoplemostobjectionable,reflectthemostintensefocusonsolvingaproblem,arenovation,acrucialone.Thethreeistoadherestrictlyfrom于巩固国家统一、维护封建统治基础有十分重要的作用(秦始皇在中央实行三公九卿制，三公是指丞相、太尉、御史大夫其中太尉是管军事的，这样设置有利于分散相权加强皇帝的权力，在地方设置了郡县制)③西汉巩固：西汉建立后，实行郡国并行制，导致了王国问题的出现，使专制主义中央集权的政治制度面临严峻的挑战。为解决王国问题，景帝在削藩的基础上，平定七国之乱，收回王国官吏任免权。武帝时，又颁布了推恩令及其他举措，解除了王国的威胁。武帝又接受了董仲舒的建议，实行“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，终于找到了一种最适合封建专制主义中央集权政治制度所需要的理论基础。从此，封建政治制度的政体基本定型，专制主义中央集权的制度得以巩固。④隋唐完善：专制主义中央集权政