心理学PPT图片

1Chapter6MEMORY《普通心理学》专业课永远的战士49岁的健康、英俊的中年人谈吐用现在时而非过去时认为自己19岁，处于1945年顺向性遗忘症（anterogradeamnesia）对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆倒退性遗忘症（retrogradeamnesia）3Memory记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提取4OutlinesMemoryanditsBiologicalBasisMemoryandInformationProcessingMemoryasaConstructiveandReconstructiveProcessRetrievalandForgettingHowtoImprovingMemory?ChallengestotheInformation-ProcessingModel51TheNatureofMemory61.1BiologicalBasis定位说非定位说(脑均势说）突触生长说记忆分子说（DNA/RNA）记忆的电生理基础（反响回路）脑内代谢物与记忆71.2MemoryandInformationProcessingSensoryregisters不到1秒Short-termmemory(STM)/Workingmemory20－30秒Long-termmemory(LTM)可毕生不忘8记忆的信息加工模型感觉登记STMLTM刺激注意精细复述提取遗忘?维持复述遗忘遗忘行为反应9WorkingMemorySTM,isalsocalledworkingmemory,itfunctionslikeamentalsketchpadonwhichpeoplemakementalnotes,solveproblems,andholdrelevantinformationinconsciousnessforabriefperiod.WorkingmemorycanalsoexistinLTM.101.3ThreechangesofmemorymodelsModules,asetofmemorysystems.Rememberingwithoutinvolvingretrievalintoconsciousness.Notallinformationfollowsthepathofthemodel,further,themodelisnotunidirectional.112SensoryRegistration122.1TheEvidenceGeorgeSperlling(1960)Tachistoscope:flashingfor15-500ms.Wholereport/PartialreportLessthan4ofthe12letters(33%)==roughly3outofthe4items(75%)Partialreportdesign:focusingattentionononepartoftheimagewhileitwasstilliniconicstorage.13PartialReport视觉呈现音调指示反应MQTZ高音RFGA中音NSLC低音N,S,L,C142.2RepresentationMentalrepresentation心理表征amentalmodelofastimulusorcategoryofstimuli.SensoryRepresentationVerbalRepresentations15表象16SensoryRepresentationIconicstorageForabriefperiodafteranimagedisappearsfromvision,peopleretainamentalimageofwhattheyhaveseen(Foley&Mulhern,1991;Neisser,1967,1976)Thedurationoficonsvariesfromapproximatelyhalfasecondtotwoseconds,dependingontheindividual,thecontentoftheimage,andthecircumstances.Presentinganotherimageorevenaflashoflightdirectlyafterthefirstimagedisappearserasestheoriginalicon.EchoicstorageTwotypesofechoicmemorysystems:speech/nonspeechsounds17SensoryRepresentationMentalmanipulation(Kosslyn,1983;Tye,1991).Cooper&Shepard(1973):rotatingofacapitalRPETscanstudyEideticimagery/photographicmemory18VerbalRepresentationMultiplesensoryandverbalrepresentations==parallelprocessingofinformationbymodulesinthebrain193Short-TermMemoryCharacteristicsofSTMControllingInformationinSTM203.1CharacteristicsofSTMActiveworkspace(Peterson&Peterson,1959)RapidlyaccessedPreservedinthesequencepresentedLimitedincapacityMiller(1956):5-9itemsHermannEbbinghaus(1885):Seven-itemlimitnonsensesyllables(pir,vup)AVL,acoustic/verbal/linguisticConrad(1964):V---B,U213.2ControllingInformationinSTMRehearsalMaintenanceRehearsal:repeatingtheinformationagainandagaintopreventitfromfading.Elaborativerehearsal:Thinkingabout,orelaborating,theinformationmeaningwhilerehearsing.==transferringtoLTM.Chunking22Miller(1956)：神奇的7+-2DJIBMNYSEWSJSEC因人、因事而异23ChunkingDJIBMNYSEWSJSECDJIBMNYSEWSJSECdj:Dow-jonesibm:InternationalBusinessMachinesnyse:NewYorkStockExchangewsj:WallStreetJournalsec:SecuritiesandExchangeCommission//SamsungElectronicCo.244Long-TermMemoryTheSerialPositionEffectLong-TermMemorySystemsEncodingandLTMHowInformationIsStoredinLTMHierarchicalOrganizationofLTM254.1TheSerialPositionEffectFreerecalltasksrecallingasmanyaspossibleSerialpositioneffectSsweremorelikelytoremembertheearlierandlateritemsonthelistthanthewordsinthemiddle(Atkinson&Schiffrin,1968).Primacyeffect/RecencyeffectPrimacy---rehearsal:STM--LTMRecency---STM264.2LTMsystemExplicitMemoryImplicitMemory27ExplicitMemoryAlsocalleddeclarativememory,referstoknowledgethatcanbeconsciouslybroughttomindanddeclared.SemanticmemoryEpisodicmemory(Tulving,1972,1983)PersonalEvent/PublicEvent(Weaver,1994)Flashbulbmemory28ImplicitMemoryCannotbebroughttomindconsciouslybutisexpressedinbehavior(Roediger,1990)ProceduralmemoryPrimingeffectsResultsofConditioning29LTMSystemLTMExplicitMemoryImplicitMemoryEpisodicMemorySemanticMemoryProceduralMemoryPrimingEffectsResultsofConditioning30PrimingEffectsDefinition先前接触的相同或类似的信息，促进了新信息的加工Bowers&Schacter(1990)：24词的词表BEASONCHECKPENNYREADYCHEESEPENGUIN词干补词任务（12个老词干，63个新词干）词表用词量：控制组12％，实验组30％。314.3EncodingandLTMRehearsalandLevelsofProcessingMultipleRepresentationsandRepresentationalModesMnemonicDevices32RehearsalandLevelsofProcessingCraik&Lockhart(1972)Craik&Tulving(1975)StructuralLevel(physicalcharacteristicsofthestimulus)PhonemicLevel(simplecharacteristicsofthelanguage)SemanticLevel(meaningofthestimulus)33RepresentationalModesPaivio(1975):Dual-codehypothesis斑马－台灯，图片和文字，反应时大多记忆内容以意义编码为主Bower(1972)对偶学习视觉表征与否（建立意义）记忆效果相差1.5倍34表象354.4HowInformationIsStoredInLTMNetworksofAssociationNodeHierarchicalNetworkModelQuillian(1968);Collins&Quillian(1969)SpreadingActivationCollins&Loftus(1975)StartingofActivation:perception&thoughtNisbett&Wilson(1977)Ocean-MoonTide365MemoryasaConstructive&ReconstructiveProcessFlashbulbmemoriesSchemasandtheConstructionofMemorySchemasinEyewitnessTestimony37SchemasandtheConstructionofMemor