行为学的利用时间分配及改善奶牛福利及生产性能的理念

Takingadvantageofbehavior:Timebudgetsandotherconceptstopromotewell-beingandproductivity行为学的利用：时间分配及改善奶牛福利及生产性能的理念PeterKrawczel,PhDAssistantProfessorDepartmentofAnimalScienceAdisseoChinaWorkshopBeijing,ChinaTypicaltimebudgetforlactatingdairycow泌乳奶牛典型的时间分配Basicbehavioralneeds(Grant,2007):最基本的需要3to5h/deating3-5小时/天的采食时间10to14h/dlying(resting)10-14小时/天休息时间（卧倒）2to3h/dstanding/walkinginalley2-3小时/天站立及行走(grooming,agonistic,estrousactivity)~0.5h/ddrinking约0.5小时饮水Generaltimebudgetconfirmedbyevaluationof16commercialherds(GomezandCook,2010)这些时间分配是通过16个牧场牛群评估后得出的Assessmentofvariationinlyingtime卧倒时间变异的分析Itoetal.,2009Howmuchofaproblemisovercrowding?过度拥挤是多大的问题Variesbyregion(BC,CA,&NE-US)…不同区域的差异Feedbunk(58to228%)BC–116%CA–94%NE-US–142%Freestall(71to197%)卧床Acrossregions60%ofhighgroupswereoverstocked(vonKeyserlingketal.,2012)Basicresearchdesignforoverstocking过度拥挤基础研究设计HeadlocksblockedCON=13FH=23FHA=23GRP=13StallsblockedCON=0FH=10FHA=10GRP=0Bioequivalenceofresponsetostockingdensitytreatments:Part1不同存栏密度处理的生物等效性反应TreatmentscomparedVariableFHvsFHAFHvsGRPFHAvsGRPEquivalenceintervalLying,h/d-0.25–0.44a-0.22–0.48a-0.12–0.58a±1h/dBouts,n/d-1.47–1.22a-1.59–1.10a-1.73–0.99a±2n/dBoutduration,min/bout-4.73–6.90a-4.03–7.60a-3.01–8.76a±15min/boutFeeding,h/d-0.19–0.33a-0.73–-0.19a-0.64–-0.13a±0.85h/dRumination,h/d-0.19–1.11a-0.49–0.82a-0.04–1.30±1.2h/dPROCMIXED;SASv9.1;90%CIwithsimilarsuperscriptareequivalent(P0.05);Templelman,2004(Krawczeletal.,2012)变量不同处理Howdoesoverstockingaffectdairycows?密度过高如何影响奶牛Importanceofresttodairycows休息对奶牛的重要性Deprivationoflying=cortisol皮质醇andGH生长激素(MunksgaardandSimonsen,1996)Priorityoverotherresources(Munksgaardetal.,2005)Rest休息Feeding采食Socialbehavior社会行为DMIPotentialindicatoroftheonsetofdisease(Zimovetal.,2011;Siivonenetal,2011;Itoetal.,2010)爆发疾病的潜在指标Overstockingaffectslyingbehavior存栏密度过高影响躺卧行为Variable100%109%120%133%150%Lying,躺卧h12.912.112.011.511.2Latencytolie,min延迟躺卧分钟3934382826Displacements,n/5h置换次数/5小时0.70.91.62.11.9Overstockingcreatesillusionofgoodstallcomfort过度拥挤可导致好的卧床舒适的假象Mayrepresentincreasedriskofenvironmentalmastitis可能会增加获得环境乳房炎的风险(Fregonesietal.,2007)Effectofbasicelementsofafreestall卧床基本元素的影响StandinginthestallincreasesasdistancefromcurbincreasesBrisketboardcanreducelyingtime(~1h/d)Tuckeretal.,2006&2004,Fregonesietal.,2009;Abadeetal,2015Increasingstallwidthincreasedlyingtime(~1h/d)Partitioncanaffectuse挡胸板可减少躺卧时间约1小时/天增加卧床宽度可增加躺卧时间~1小时/天在卧床中站立时间随着与边缘距离的增加而增加格挡可影响使用Beddingmoistureandbeddingdepthdecreasedlyingtime(Fregonesietal.,2007;Reichetal.,2010;Drissleretal.,2005)垫料水分含量及厚度影响躺卧时间Effectofmaintenanceonsandbeddingdepth沙床厚度的影响Depthbelowcurb;darker=lessbedding厚度低于边挡，深色=垫料不够Lyingtimedecreasesasdepthofsanddecreases随着沙床厚度的降低躺卧时间也减少Drissleretal.,2005Amountofbeddingaffectslyingandstandingbehavior垫料量影响躺卧和站立行为BeddingAmount垫料量,kgBehavior行为017.5Lyingbouts,n/d*躺卧站立次数，/天8.59.310.0Boutduration,h每次站立时间小时1.51.41.4Lying,h/d*躺卧时间小时/天12.312.513.8Standing,min/d*站立，分钟/天1068570*Significantlinearcontrast显著线性相关(TuckerandWeary,2004)Effectofbeddingqualityonlyingtime垫料质量对躺卧时间的影响NoChoicePhase无选择阶段ChoicePhase有选择阶段Fregonesietal.,2007干湿干湿躺卧在卧床站立在卧床站立在走道站立在卧床躺卧在卧床Cowshaveaggressivefeedingdrive…奶牛有较为强烈的进食动力Cowswillinglyexert500-lbpressureagainstfeedbarrierwhileeating奶牛采食时对饲喂栏可以有大于500磅的压力225lbcausestissuedamage225磅就可以造成组织损伤Defines“aggressivefeedingdrive”强烈进食动力的定义Effectofincreasingcompetitionatthefeedbunk增加饲槽竞争的影响Stockingdensitiesof75,100,150,300%存栏密度为75,100,150，，300%Headlocksandpost-and-rail劲夹及栏杆Asstockingdensityincreased:随着密度增加Feedingtimedecreasedcurvilinear进食时间曲线性降低Aggressionincreasedcurvilinear侵略性曲线性增加Inactivestandingincreasedlinearly无活动站立时间线性增加Shiftinfeedingtimes改变采食时间Greatereffectforpost-and-rail对栏杆式影响更大(Huzzeyetal.,2006)Feedingandruminatingbehavioroffocalcows(n=12)withineachpen奶牛采食及反刍行为TreatmentVariableCONFHFHAGRPPooledSEFeeding,h/d4.4ax4.0b4.1b4.3ay0.1TotalRuminating,h/d8.37.98.47.70.2Ruminatinginthealley,h/d0.6a1.2b1.2b1.1b0.1Ruminatinginastall,%oftotal92.2a84.3b84.7b86.2b1.7PROCMIXED;SASv9.1;a,bMeanswithinarowwithdifferentsuperscriptsdiffer进食时间总反刍时间小时/天反刍时间走道小时/天走道反刍时间占全/天%同列不同字母差异显著Feedingandruminationbehavioroffocalcows(n=12)ineachpen采食及反刍行为Stockingdensity密度,%Variable100113131142PooledSEP-valueFeeding,采食小时/天h/d3.73.73.83.80.20.79Totalrumination,h/d总反刍小时/天7.27.57.27.10.20.59Ruminatinginastall,h/d卧床反刍小时/天6.87.06.56.10.20.06Outsideofpen,h/d圈外小时/天2.72.32.62.60.20.31PROCMIXED;SASv9.1(Krawczeletal.,2012)RelationshipbetweenstockingdensityandDMI存栏密度与干物质采食量的关系y=5.5x+18.0R2=0.05051015202530354000.20.40.6Mangerspace(m/cow)DMI(kg/d)Weakshort-termrelationshipbetweenstockingdensityormangerspaceandDMI短期内存栏密度、饲槽空间与干物质采食量成弱相关24”干物质采食量公斤/天饲槽空间Relationshipbetweenstockingdensityandeatingrate存栏密度与采食速度之间的关系y=-80.9x+134.5R2=0.4340608010012014016000.20.40.6Mangerspace(m/cow)Eatingrate(gDM/min)Eatingrateincreaseswithincreasedstockingdensity,reducedfeedingspace随着存栏密度的增加和采食空间的减少采食速度也增加24”采食速度（克DM/分钟）饲槽空间RelationshipofstockingdensityandDMIbyparityinmixedgroups混合群中不同胎次奶牛存栏密度与干物质采食量的关系Interactionbetweenparitya