管理学课件第16章激励员工MotivatingEmployees

nintheditionSTEPHENP.ROBBINSPowerPointPresentationbyCharlieCookTheUniversityofWestAlabamaMARYCOULTERMotivatingEmployeesChapter1616–2LEARNINGOUTLINEFollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter.WhatIsMotivation?•Definemotivation.•Explainmotivationasaneed-satisfyingprocess.EarlyTheoriesofMotivation•DescribeMaslow’shierarchyofneedsandhowitcanbeusedtomotivate.•DiscusshowTheoryXandTheoryYmanagersapproachmotivation.•DescribeHerzberg’smotivation-hygienetheory.•ExplainHerzberg’sviewsofsatisfactionanddissatisfaction.16–3LEARNINGOUTLINE(cont’d)FollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter.ContemporaryTheoriesofMotivation•DescribethethreeneedsMcClellandproposedasbeingpresentinworksettings.•Explainhowgoal-settingandreinforcementtheoriesexplainemployeemotivation.•Describethejobcharacteristicsmodelasawaytodesignmotivatingjobs.•Discussthemotivationimplicationsofequitytheory.•Contrastdistributivejusticeandproceduraljustice.•Explainthethreekeylinkagesinexpectancytheoryandtheirroleinmotivation.16–4LEARNINGOUTLINE(cont’d)FollowthisLearningOutlineasyoureadandstudythischapter.CurrentIssuesinMotivation•Describethecross-culturalchallengesofmotivation.•Discussthechallengesmanagersfaceinmotivatinguniquegroupsofworkers.•Describeopen-bookmanagement,employeerecognition,pay-for-performance,andstockoptionprograms.16–5WhatIsMotivation?(什么是激励)•Motivation(激励)Istheresultofaninteractionbetweenthepersonandasituation;itisnotapersonaltrait.Istheprocessbywhichaperson’seffortsareenergized,directed,andsustainedtowardsattainingagoal.Energy:ameasureofintensityordrive.Direction:towardorganizationalgoalsPersistence:exertingefforttoachievegoals.Motivationworksbestwhenindividualneedsarecompatiblewithorganizationalgoals.16–6EarlyTheoriesofMotivation(早期的动机理论)•Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds（马斯洛的需要层次理论）•MacGregor’sTheoriesXandY（麦格雷戈的X理论与Y理论）•Herzberg’sTwo-FactorTheory（赫茨伯格的激励—保健理论）16–7EarlyTheoriesofMotivation(早期的激励理论)•Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsTheory(马斯洛的需要层次论)Needswerecategorizedasfivelevelsoflower-tohigher-orderneeds.Individualsmustsatisfylower-orderneedsbeforetheycansatisfyhigherorderneeds.Satisfiedneedswillnolongermotivate.Motivatingapersondependsonknowingatwhatlevelthatpersonisonthehierarchy.HierarchyofneedsLower-order(external)（低级的需要）:physiological,safety（生理需要，安全需要）Higher-order(internal)（高级的需要）:social,esteem,self-actualization（社交需要，尊重需要，自我实现需要）16–8Exhibit16–1Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds16–9EarlyTheoriesofMotivation(cont’d)•McGregor’sTheoryXandTheoryY(麦格雷戈工X理论和Y理论)•TheoryX（X理论）Assumesthatworkershavelittleambition,dislikework,avoidresponsibility,andrequireclosesupervision.TheoryY（Y理论）Assumesthatworkerscanexerciseself-direction,desireresponsibility,andliketowork.Assumption:Motivationismaximizedbyparticipativedecisionmaking,interestingjobs,andgoodgrouprelations.16–10EarlyTheoriesofMotivation(cont’d)•Herzberg’sMotivation-HygieneTheory(赫兹伯格的双因素理论)Jobsatisfactionandjobdissatisfactionarecreatedbydifferentfactors.Hygienefactors（保健因素）:extrinsic(environmental)factorsthatcreatejobdissatisfaction.Motivators（激励因素）:intrinsic(psychological)factorsthatcreatejobsatisfaction.Attemptedtoexplainwhyjobsatisfactiondoesnotresultinincreasedperformance.Theoppositeofsatisfactionisnotdissatisfaction,butrathernosatisfaction.16–11Exhibit16–2Herzberg’sMotivation-HygieneTheory16–12Exhibit16–3ContrastingViewsofSatisfaction-Dissatisfaction16–13ContemporaryTheoriesofMotivation•Three-NeedsTheory（麦克利兰的三种需要理论）•Goal-SettingTheory（目标设置理论）•ReinforcementTheory（强化理论）•DesigningMotivatingJobs（具有激励作用的工作设计）•EquityTheory（公平理论）•ExpectancyTheory（期望理论）16–14MotivationandNeeds•Three-NeedsTheory(McClelland)Therearethreemajoracquiredneedsthataremajormotivesinwork.Needforachievement(nAch)(成就需要)–ThedrivetoexcelandsucceedNeedforpower(nPow)（权利需要）–TheneedtoinfluencethebehaviorofothersNeedofaffiliation(nAff)（归属需要）–Thedesireforinterpersonalrelationships16–15MotivationandGoals•Goal-SettingTheory(目标设定理论)Proposesthatsettinggoalsthatareaccepted,specific,andchallengingyetachievablewillresultinhigherperformancethanhavingnooreasygoals.IscultureboundtotheU.S.andCanada.•BenefitsofParticipationinGoal-Setting(参与设定目标的好处)Increasestheacceptanceofgoals.Fosterscommitmenttodifficult,publicgoals.Providesforself-feedback(internallocusofcontrol)thatguidesbehaviorandmotivatesperformance(self-efficacy).16–16Exhibit16–5Goal-SettingTheory16–17MotivationandBehavior•ReinforcementTheory(强化理论)Assumesthatadesiredbehaviorisafunctionofitsconsequences,isexternallycaused,andifreinforced,islikelytoberepeated.Positivereinforcementispreferredforitslong-termeffectsonperformanceIgnoringundesiredbehaviorisbetterthanpunishmentwhichmaycreateadditionaldysfunctionalbehaviors.16–18DesigningMotivatingJobs(设计激励性的工作)•JobDesign(工作设计)Thewayintowhichtaskscanbecombinedtoformcompletejobs.Factorsinfluencingjobdesign(影响工作设计的因素):Changingorganizationalenvironment/structureTheorganization’stechnologyEmployees’skill,abilities,andpreferencesJobenlargement(工作扩大化)Increasingthejob’sscope(numberandfrequencyoftasks)Jobenrichmen