TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements

ContactintheprehistoryoftheSakha(Yakuts):LinguisticandgeneticperspectivesPublishedbyLOTphone:[phone]Janskerkhof13fax:[phone]BLUtrechte-mail:[e-mail]©2007:BrigittePakendorf.Allrightsreserved.ContactintheprehistoryoftheSakha(Yakuts):LinguisticandgeneticperspectivesPROEFSCHRIFTterverkrijgingvandegraadvanDoctoraandeUniversiteitLeiden,opgezagvandeRectorMagnificusProf.Mr.P.F.vanderHeijden,volgensbesluitvanhetCollegevoorPromotiesteverdedigenopwoensdag12december2007klokke13.45uurdoorBrigittePakendorfgeborenteJohannesburg,SouthAfricain1970PromotiecommissiePromotores:Prof.dr.F.H.H.KortlandtProf.dr.B.Comrie(MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,Leipzig)Referent:Prof.dr.L.Johanson(UniversitätMainz)Overigeleden:Prof.dr.W.F.H.AdelaarProf.dr.P.deKnijffProf.dr.A.LubotskyThisworkwasgenerouslyfundedbyaDissertationFieldworkGrantbytheWenner-GrenFoundationforAnthropologicalResearch,Inc.,andbytheMaxPlanckSociety.TABLEOFCONTENTSAcknowledgements.......................................................................................................iListofabbreviationsusedintheglosses......................................................................v1INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................11.1TheSakhaandtheirSiberianneighbours.........................................................11.1.1TheSakha............................................................................................................11.1.1.1TheSakhalanguage.........................................................................................41.1.1.2OriginsoftheSakha........................................................................................71.1.2Evenksand!vens.............................................................................................111.1.2.1Tungusiclanguages.......................................................................................121.1.2.2TheoriginsoftheEvenksand!vens............................................................151.1.3TheYukaghirs..................................................................................................161.1.3.1TheYukaghirlanguages...............................................................................171.1.3.2TheoriginsoftheYukaghirs........................................................................181.1.4Mongolicgroups...............................................................................................191.1.4.1TheMongoliclanguages................................................................................191.1.4.2OriginsoftheMongolsandtheMongolianEmpire......................................211.1.5PotentialcontactoftheSakhaancestorswiththeindigenouspopulations.......221.2Languagecontact...............................................................................................241.2.1Thelanguagesincontact...................................................................................251.2.2Thetypesofcontact..........................................................................................261.2.2.1Approachesfocussingonthetypeofcopiesthataretransferred..................261.2.2.2Approachesfocussingontheprocessesinvolvedinlanguagecontact..........271.2.2.3Metatypy........................................................................................................311.2.3Theroleoflinguisticstructurevssocioculturalsettinginlanguagecontact....331.2.4Theroleofsocialnetworksinlanguagecontact...............................................361.2.5Theindividualinlanguagecontact...................................................................381.2.6Correlationbetweenthesocialsettingofcontactandthekindofcontact.....391.2.7Achievementsinthefieldoflanguagecontactstudies.....................................421.2.8Terminologyandapproachtobefollowedinthisstudy..................................441.2.8.1Thelanguagesincontact...............................................................................441.2.8.2Theprocessesinvolvedinlanguagecontact..................................................451.2.8.3Summaryofchosenterminology...................................................................461.3PreviousstudiesconcerninglanguagecontactinSakha................................471.4Aimsofthisstudyandmethodologyadopted..................................................501.4.1Aims..................................................................................................................501.4.2Methodologyadoptedfortheassessmentoflinguisticcontact........................531.4.3Usinglanguagecontacttodrawinferencesaboutpopulationprehistory.........561.4.4Caveats..............................................................................................................571.4.5Thestructureofthisthesis...................