会计学原理英文版第21版第二章AnalyzingandRecor

2-1PowerPointAuthors:SusanCoomerGalbreath,Ph.D.,CPACharlesW.Caldwell,D.B.A.,CMAJonA.Booker,Ph.D.,CPA,CIACynthiaJ.Rooney,Ph.D.,CPACopyright©2013byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.AnalyzingandRecordingTransactionsChapter22-2C1AnalyzingandPostingProcessTheaccountingprocessidentifiesbusinesstransactionsandevents,analyzesandrecordstheireffects,andsummarizesandpresentsinformationinreportsandfinancialstatements.Thesereportsandstatementsareusedformakinginvesting,lending,andotherbusinessdecisions.2-3SalesTicketsBankStatementsPurchaseOrdersChecksSourceDocumentsBillsfromSuppliersEmployeeEarningsRecordsC12-4Anaccountisarecordofincreasesanddecreasesinaspecificasset,liability,equity,revenue,orexpenseitem.TheAccountandItsAnalysisThegeneralledgerisarecordcontainingallaccountsusedbythecompany.C22-5TheAccountanditsAnalysisOwner,CapitalOwner,WithdrawalsC22-6LandEquipmentBuildingsCashNotesReceivableSuppliesPrepaidAccountsAccountsReceivableAssetAccountsAssetAccountsC22-7AccruedLiabilitiesUnearnedRevenueNotesPayableAccountsPayableLiabilityAccountsLiabilityAccountsC22-8EquityAccountsRevenuesOwner’sCapitalOwner’sWithdrawalsExpensesEquityAccountsC22-9TheAccountanditsAnalysisC2Revenuesandowner’scontributionsincreaseequity.Expensesandowner’swithdrawalsdecreaseequity.2-10LedgerandChartofAccountsTheledgerisacollectionofallaccountsforaninformationsystem.Acompany’ssizeanddiversityofoperationsaffectthenumberofaccountsneeded.Thechartofaccountsisalistofallaccountsandincludesanidentifyingnumberforeachaccount.C32-11DebitsandCreditsAT-accountrepresentsaledgeraccountandisatoolusedtounderstandtheeffectsofoneormoretransactions.C42-12LiabilitiesEquityAssets=+Double-EntryAccountingC42-13Double-EntryAccountingC4Hereistheexpandedaccountingequationshowingtheequitysection.2-14Double-EntryAccountingAnaccountbalanceisthedifferencebetweentheincreasesanddecreasesinanaccount.NoticetheT-Account.C42-15JournalizingandPostingTransactionsP12-16c.DollaramountofdebitsandcreditsJournalizingTransactionsa.TransactionDated.Transactionexplanationb.TitlesofAffectedAccountsP12-17BalanceAccountColumnT-accountsareusefulillustrations,butbalancecolumnledgeraccountsareusedinpractice.P12-18PostingJournalEntriesP112-19AnalyzingTransactionsA1Double-entryaccountingisusefulinanalyzingandprocessingtransactions.Analysisofeachtransactionfollowsthesefoursteps.2-20AnalyzingTransactionsA12-21AnalyzingTransactionsA12-22AnalyzingTransactionsA12-23AnalyzingTransactionsA12-24AnalyzingTransactionsA12-25AfterprocessingitsremainingtransactionsforDecember,FastForward’sTrialBalanceisprepared.Thetrialbalancelistsallaccountbalancesinthegeneralledger.Ifthebooksareinbalance,thetotaldebitswillequalthetotalcredits.P22-26PreparingtheTrialBalancePreparingatrialbalanceinvolvesthreesteps:1.Listeachaccounttitleanditsamount(fromledger)inthetrialbalance.Ifanaccounthasazerobalance,listitwithazerointhenormalbalancecolumn(oromititentirely).2.Computethetotalofdebitbalancesandthetotalofcreditbalances.3.Verify(prove)totaldebitbalancesequaltotalcreditbalances.P22-27SearchingforandCorrectingErrorsIfthetrialbalancedoesnotbalance,theerror(s)mustbefoundandcorrected.Makesurethetrialbalancecolumnsarecorrectlyadded.Makesureaccountbalancesarecorrectlyenteredfromtheledger.Seeifdebitorcreditaccountsaremistakenlyplacedonthetrialbalance.Re-computeeachaccountbalanceintheledger.Verifythateachjournalentryispostedcorrectly.Verifythateachoriginaljournalentryhasequaldebitsandcredits.P22-28UsingaTrialBalancetoPrepareFinancialStatementsP32-29IncomeStatementP32-30StatementofOwner’sEquityP32-31BalanceSheetP3Netincomefromincomestatement2-32PresentationIssues1.Dollarsignsarenotusedinjournalsandledgers.2.Dollarsignsappearinfinancialstatementsandotherreportssuchastrialbalances.Theusualpracticeistoputdollarsignsbesideonlythefirstandlastnumbersinacolumn.3.Whenamountsareenteredinthejournal,ledger,ortrialbalance,commasareoptionaltoindicatethousands,millions,andsoforth.4.Commasarealwaysusedinfinancialstatements.5.Companiescommonlyroundamountsinreportstothenearestdollar,oreventoahigherlevel.P32-33GlobalViewBothU.S.GAAPandIFRSpreparethesamefourbasicfinancialstatements.Afewdifferencesarefoundwithineachstatement,butovertimethesedifferencesarelikelytobeeliminated.HereisatypicalIFRSbalancesheetpresentation.2-34AccountingControlsandAssuranceAccountingsystemsdependoncontrolproceduresthatassuretheproperprincipleswereappliedinprocessingaccountinginformation.ThepassageofSOXlegislationstrengthenedU.S.controlproceduresinrecentyears.Thepercentageofemployeesininformationtechnologythatreportobservingspecifictypesofmisconductin2009.2-35DebtRatioEvaluatesthelevelofdebtrisk.Ahigherratioindicatesthatthereisagreaterprobabilitythatacompanywillnotbeabletopayitsdebtinthefuture.A2TotalLiabilitiesTotalAssetsDebtRatio=2-36EndofChapter2