非财务人员的财务知识培训

FinanceforNon-financeTraining非财务人员的财务培训Content内容运作模式报表分析财务决策专题(增值税发票的使用，收付汇流程)EXCEL的使用运作模式4Systemsofaccountability–financialprocesses公布上年年报确定当年计划OP季度关帐关帐EstimateUpdate“DR95”三年规划SI下年计划SII/OPOctoberDecemberAugustJuneFebruarySeptemberNovemberJulyMarchMayJanuaryLinkageoffinancial&businessprocesses&meetingsformapowerfuloperatingsystem…yearin,yearout季度关帐季度关帐季度关帐AprilAprEstimateJulyEstimate5LinkingBusinessProcesstoFinancials订单I/SCFOAIncExp销售销货成本边际贡献CM应收帐款库存应付帐款SourceUse6LinkingBusinessProcesstoFinancials订单制造I/SCFOAIncExpSourceUse销售销货成本边际贡献CM应收帐款库存应付帐款7LinkingBusinessProcesstoFinancials订单制造发运I/SCFOAIncExpSourceUse销售销货成本边际贡献CM应收帐款库存应付帐款8LinkingBusinessProcesstoFinancials订单制造发运支付I/SCFOAIncExpSourceUse销售销货成本边际贡献CM应收帐款库存应付帐款9LinkingBusinessProcesstoFinancials收款I/SCFOAIncExpSourceUse销售销货成本边际贡献CM应收帐款库存应付帐款订单制造发运支付10FinanceControl财务控制Compliance合规性(e.g.SalesRecognition)Profitability盈利能力(e.g.CM,OM)Liquidity流动性(e.g.AR,Inventory)RiskControl风险控制(e.g.FX)Routine常规性(e.g.Process,AccountRec)报表分析12FinancialStatements财务报表•IncomeStatement(损益表)Anincomestatementshowsrevenuesandexpensesbetweenpointsintime-abusiness’effortstoearnprofit.•BalanceSheet(资产负债表)Abalancesheetindicatesabusiness’financialconditionatapointintime–howdoesabusinesseffectivelymanageassetsandliabilities.•CashFlowStatement(现金流量表)Acashflowstatementlistssourcesandusesofcashbetweenpointsintime.13IncomeStatement损益表CM%=CM/SalesOM%=OM/Sales销售(Sales)-产品成本(COGS)-其他变动成本(OtherVariableCost)边际贡献(CM)-固定成本(BaseCost)营运利润(OM)+/-其他收入和支出(OIE)+/-利息(Interest)税前利润(EBT)-所得税(IncomeTax)净利润(NI)14变动成本•Packaging•HourlyWorkers•OutsourcedParts•RawMaterialCostBehavior成本性态固定成本•OfficeEquipment•Mgmt.&Admin.•SalariedC&B•BuildingLease15Atable,chairandbenchmanufacturersummarizedthetransactionsduringMarch:•单位生产成本=$22•卖了55个•生产了58个•行政人员工资=$80•销售单价(不含VAT)=$36•公司租金=$55•其他固定成本=$20•利息费用=$32•所得税率25%求净利润Question例题437还是388?销售(Sales)-产品成本(COGS)-其他变动成本(OtherVariableCost)边际贡献(CM)-固定成本(BaseCost)营运利润(OM)+/-其他收入和支出(OIE)+/-利息(Interest)税前利润(EBT)-所得税(IncomeTax)净利润(NI)16Answer答案销售(Sales)198036*55-产品成本(COGS)-121022*55-其他变动成本(OtherVarCost)0边际贡献(CM)770-固定成本(BaseCost)-15580+55+20营运利润(OM)615+/-其他收入和支出(OIE)0+/-利息(Interest)-32税前利润(EBT)583-所得税(IncomeTax)-146583*25%净利润(NI)43717Assets资产Cash现金Receivables应收帐款Inventory库存Plant&Equipment固定资产OtherAssets其他资产Liabilities负债Payables应付帐款Short-termDebt短期借款Long-termDebt长期借款OwnersEquity所有者权益CapitalStock实收资本RetainingEarnings留存收益BalanceSheet资产负债表资产=负债+所有者权益18NetIncome净利润+Depreciation折旧+OperatingActivity营运现金流ReceivablesReduced应收帐款减少InventoryReduced库存减少PayablesIncreased应付帐款增加=TotalOperatingCashFlow营运现金流(CFOA)+InvestingActivity投资现金流+FinancingActivity融资现金流=TotalCashFlow总现金流CashFlowStatement现金流量表19FinancialStatementsAnalysisTerms报表分析术语VOP=实际-OP计划VOP%=(实际-OP计划)/OP计划V$(VLY)=当年–上年V%(VLY%)=(当年–上年)/上年F=好差异U=坏差异2020092008销售$100$90V$=$100-$90=$10V%=($100-$90)/$90=$10/$90=11%V%Calculation21FinancialStatementsIncomeStatementBeginningBalanceEndingBalanceSheetSheetFinancialMeasurements销售回报率X资产周转率资产回报率X财务乘数所有者权益回报率ReturnonSalesAssetTurnoverReturnonAssetsFinancialLeverageReturnonEquity(ROE)净利X销售净利X资产净利销售资产资产所有者权益所有者权益CostEfficiencyxAssetEfficiencyBusinessEfficiencyxCapitalStructureShareholderReturnFinancialStatementsandMeasurementsIncomeStatementSales-CostsNetIncome*BalanceSheetDebtAssetsEquity*EPS=NetIncome/#ofSharesCashFlowCashIn-CashOutCashFlow22Year1Year2Year3Sales销售$100$140$200-Cost成本-95-126-170NI净利润$5$14$30Assets资产$100$125$160Year1Year2Year3销售回报率(净利润/销售)资产周转率(销售/资产)资产回报率(净利润/资产)IncomeStatementsAnalysis收益表分析例题5%100%5%10%112%11%15%125%19%VLY%(Y3vY2)43%35%114%28%利润表摘要资产负债表摘要23Year1Year2Year3Cash现金$30$15$2Receivables应收帐款204060Inventory库存102548Plant/Equipment固定资产404550TotalAssets总资产$100$125$160AccountsPayable应付帐款$20$31$36LongtermDebt长期借款303030Equity所有者权益506494DebtandEquity$100$125$160BalanceSheetAnalysis资产负债表分析例题Year1Year2Year3ROE(净利润/所有者权益)10%22%32%资产负债表摘要利润表摘要NetIncome净利润5143024WorkingCapital营运资本Year2Year3AR应收帐款4060+Inventory库存2548-AP应付帐款3136=WC总营运资本3472营运资本周转率=销售/营运资本应收帐款周转率=销售/应收帐款存货周转率*=销售/存货Sales销售140200Cost成本1261702.83.34.2774.13.55.690资产负债表摘要利润表摘要Year2Year3付款周期=365/(成本/应付账款）25CMAnalysis毛利分析Question问题本年销售$4200,本年成本$2100，CM$2100,CM%50%上年销售$2500,上年成本$1250，CM$1250,CM%50%哪年做得好呢?好在哪里呢？26CMAnalysis毛利分析SalesCostCM去年售价去年销量去年销售去年单位成本去年销量去年成本去年毛利50052500250512501250今年售价今年销量今年销售今年单位成本今年销量今年成本今年毛利60074200300721002100去年毛利售价变化数量变化成本变化今年毛利1250700500-3502100100x7(500-250)x(7-5)(250-300)x7去年毛利售价变化数量变化材料涨价生产效率提高今年毛利1250700500-420702100-60x710x727SalesMix销售组合销售数量200500700单价@$8和$2$1,600$1,000$2,600占总销售比例62%38%100%单位成本@$4和$1.58007501,550CM@$4和$0.58002501,050固定成本800OM250高尔夫球网球总数28SalesMix销售组合销售数量250300550单价@$8and$2$2,000$600$2,600占总销售比例77%23%100%单位成本@$4和$1.51,0004501,450CM@$4and$0.51,0001501,150固定成本800OM350700$2,600100%1,5501,050800250高尔夫球网球总数原组合29上年销售数量价格差异成本数量材料涨价生产效率销售组合汇率本年营运利润差异差异营运利润CM/OMWalk财务决策31TimeValueofMoney货币的时间价值PaymentTerms支付条件Cost-BenefitAnalysis成本效益分析32[Example例]OnJan1,1999,MikeputsUSD1,000.00inBankAasoneyeartimedepositatinterestrateof5%p.a.Attheduedate,MikereceivesUSD1,050.00forbothpri