Chap_02像经济学家一样思考(经济学原理,曼昆,中英文双语)

ThinkingLikeanEconomist像经济学家一样思考Chapter2Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematicsaxiomsintegralsvectorspacesPsychologyegoidcognitivedissonanceLawtortsvenuesPromissoryestoppelHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.每个研究领域都有自己的语言数学公理积分向量空间心理学自我本我认知的不一致性法律侵权行为案发现场约定的禁止翻供Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyEconomicsSupplyDemandElasticityConsumerSurplusComparativeadvantageOpportunitycostDeadweightlossHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.每个研究领域都有自己的语言经济学供给需求弹性消费者剩余比较优势机会成本无谓损失Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.Economicstrainsyouto....uThinkintermsofalternatives.uEvaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.uExamineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济学训练你....u从不同的角度思考问题。u评估个人和社会选择的成本。u检查和理解一些事件和问题是如何相互关联的。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheEconomistasaScientist作为科学家的经济学家Theeconomicwayofthinking...经济学思考方法…uInvolvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.客观地分析与思考。uMakesuseofthescientificmethod.利用科学的方法。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheScientificMethoduUsesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.uDevelopstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoprovethetheories.Observation,TheoryandMoreObservation!Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.科学方法u利用抽象的模型帮助解释复杂的真实世界如何运行。u形成理论，收集并分析数据来验证理论。观察,理论，更多的观察Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheRoleofAssumptionsuEconomistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.uTheartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake.uEconomistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.假设的作用u为了使这个世界更容易理解，经济学家做一些假设。u科学思考的艺术就是决定作出什么样的假设。u经济学家利用不同的假设来回答不同的问题。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheEconomicWayofThinkinguIncludesdevelopingabstractmodelsfromtheoriesandtheanalysisofthemodels.uUsestwoapproaches:uDescriptive(reportingfacts,etc.)uAnalytical(abstractreasoning)Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济学思考方法u利用理论建立抽象的模型，然后进一步分析模型。u利用两种方法:u描述性的方法(报告实情等)u分析性的方法(抽象推理)Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.EconomicModelsuEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworlduTwoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:uTheCircularFlowModeluTheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济模型u经济学家利用模型来简化真实世界，使我们更好地理解这个世界。u两个最基本的经济学模型是：u循环流向图u生产可能性边界Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowModel经济循环流向图Thecircular-flowmodelisasimplewaytovisuallyshowtheeconomictransactionsthatoccurbetweenhouseholdsandfirmsintheeconomy.循环流向图——一个直观地说明一个经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易行为的简单方式。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowDiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarketforFactorsofProductionMarketforGoodsandServicesSpendingRevenueWages,rent,andprofitIncomeGoods&ServicessoldGoods&ServicesboughtLabor,land,andcapitalInputsforproductionHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济循环图企业家庭生产要素市场物品与劳务市场支出收入工资、租金和利润收入销售商品和服务购买商品和服务劳动、土地和资本生产投入Figure1TheCircularFlowCopyright©2004South-WesternSpendingGoodsandservicesboughtRevenueGoodsandservicessoldLabor,land,andcapitalIncome=Flowofinputsandoutputs=FlowofdollarsFactorsofproductionWages,rent,andprofitFIRMS•Produceandsellgoodsandservices•Hireandusefactorsofproduction•Buyandconsumegoodsandservices•OwnandsellfactorsofproductionHOUSEHOLDS•Householdssell•FirmsbuyMARKETSFORFACTORSOFPRODUCTION•Firmssell•HouseholdsbuyMARKETSFORGOODSANDSERVICESHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowDiagramHouseholdsuBuyandconsumegoodsandservicesuOwnandsellfactorsofproductionFirmsuProduceandsellgoodsandservicesuHireandusefactorsofproductionHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济循环流向图家庭u购买并消费物品与劳务u拥有并出售所有生产要素企业u生产并出售物品与劳务u雇佣并使用生产要素Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowDiagramMarketsforFactorsofProductionuHouseholdsselluFirmsbuyMarketsforGoods&ServicesuFirmsselluHouseholdsbuyHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.经济循环图生产要素市场u家庭出售u企业购买物品与劳务市场u企业出售u家庭购买Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheCircular-FlowDiagram经济循环图FactorsofProduction生产要素uInputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用于生产物品与劳务的投入uLand,labor,andcapital土地、劳动和资本Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphshowingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright©2001byHarcourt,Inc.生产可能性边界生产可能性边界——表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。Har