利益集团论文：利益集团视角下中国垄断行业高收入问题研究

利益集团论文：利益集团视角下中国垄断行业高收入问题研究【中文摘要】近年来中国综合国力显著提升、民众收入水平大幅提高,新一代领导集体明确提出充分关注民生,把建设社会主义和谐社会作为全国上下共同奋斗的目标。然而,在经济高速增长的同时,居民收入却存在着明显差距,特别是不同行业之间的差距日趋扩大。垄断行业的高收入问题,在学术界也引起了前所未有的关注。西方利益集团理论为研究政治经济问题开辟了一条新的道路,它指出在政治市场上利益集团通常发挥着重要作用。中国与西方的政治体制虽然不同,但近年来社会阶层也出现了分化趋势,并出现集团化倾向。收入改革正是不同群体间的利益竞争、再调整的过程。因而本文认为收入问题是政治经济综合问题,并在国内外垄断及垄断收入理论综述和利益集团理论介绍的基础上,以新政治经济学的视角来研究中国垄断行业的高收入问题。首先,本文通过比较行业间的收入差距,说明当前存在垄断行业收入过高、上缴利润比例过低的状况,并对照利益集团的定义把涉及到垄断行业收入问题的成员划分为四个利益集团——垄断企业集团、消费者集团、非垄断企业集团和规制者集团。其次,运用个人主义方法论分析每个利益集团的目标、成员和政治活动：垄断企业集团成员少而精,与规制者集团关系密切,在政治市场上拥有特殊地位；消费者集团成员多且散,个体参与政治活动的激励严重不足；非垄断企业集团内部成员差异大,易分裂成若干子集团,难以形成统一行动；规制者集团虽然拥有削减垄断行业高收入的目标,但政企不分在一定时期内仍然存在的局面,使得官员个体出于自身利益的考虑,对垄断企业有所偏袒与保护。总而言之,我们认为：正是消费者集团与垄断企业集团的力量悬殊,使得垄断企业拥有对其提供产品和服务定价的话语权；而非垄断企业集团的不作为与规制者集团目标的多重性也使得垄断局面无法打破。这些因素共同导致了垄断行业取得高额的垄断利润,从而使其行业收入居高不下。最后,在对收入分配改革过程中各利益集团进行博弈分析的基础上,提出政策建议。博弈分析得出：只要在垄断企业集团的政治影响力比消费者集团、非垄断企业集团影响力大的情况下,双方博弈的结果总是垄断企业集团获得的收益,并且垄断企业与政府更易结成同盟。因此,垄断行业高收入是各利益集团的博弈结果。要推动收入改革的进程,必须缩减消费者集团、非垄断企业集团与垄断企业集团政治影响力上的差距,且政府与垄断企业之间的关系必须有所改变。在以上分析基础之上,本文得出整治垄断行业高收入问题的对策建议,认为消费者集团应与消费者协会联合、非垄断企业应主动表达诉求,来提高他们的政治影响力；政策规制者要试图建立对垄断企业集团的激励监管机制,并加强对自身行为的监督,使得垄断问题的改制法律化、制度化；此外,将第三次分配作为调节收入的重要手段,以缩小贫富差距。总之,规制者集团作为收入改革的主导者,要权衡各利益集团的利益,调和他们之间的关系,最终建立一个相对合理的收入分配制度,使全体人民朝着共同富裕的方向稳步前进。【英文摘要】Inrecentyears,thecomprehensivecapabilityofChinahasbeenstrengthenedandthelivingstandardofpeoplehasbeenimprovedsubstantially.NewleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinahasdeclaredclearlythatthegovernmentmustattachmoreimportancetopeople’slivelihood,andmustuniteallpeopletostruggleforthegoaltoconstructthesocialistharmonioussociety.However,withtherapiddevelopmentofChina’seconomy,thereexistgreatdifferencesamongpeople’sincome,especiallythegrowinggapinindustrialincome.Furthermore,thegapbetweenpeoplewhoengagedinmonopolyindustryandothersisobviouslynoticeable.Highincomeofmonopolyindustrieshasarousedwidespreadconcerninacademiccircles.Westerninterestgrouptheoryprovidesusanewwaytoresearchonpoliticalandeconomicproblems;itindicatesthatinterestgroupplaysanimportantroleinpoliticalmarket.AlthoughChina’spoliticalregimeisdifferentfromthatofwesterncountries,oursocialstratumhasbeendividedintodifferentpartandsomeinterestgroupsoccurred.Theincomereformisjustaprocessofinterestcompetingandcoordinationfordifferentinterestgroups.Inall,thispaperpointedoutthattheproblemofincomeisapoliticalandeconomicissue.Basedonthetheoryofmonopoly,incomedistributionandinterestgroups,thispapertriestostudytheproblemofhighincomeinmonopolyindustriesfromtheperspectiveofnewpoliticaleconomy.Firstly,thepapercontrastsindustryincome,statesthatincomeofmonopolyindustryissohigh,andtheproportionofrevenuehandedtothestateissolow.Itdividepeopleinvolvedinthisissueto4groups,accordingtothedefinitionofinterestgroups:thosearemonopolists,consumers,non-monopolists,andregulators。Secondly,thepaperanalysestargets,membersandpoliticalactivitiesforeverysinglegroupsusingmethodologicalindividualism:monopolistgroupisquitesmall,thoughitsmembersareverylargewhichhavelittledivergenceandhavegoodrelationshipwithregulators,andasaresult,ithasspecialpoliticalstatus;consumergroupisverylarge,butitsmembersarescattered,theincentiveforeachindividualtomakepoliticaleffortisseriousdeficiency;non-monopolistgroup’sinfluenceisweakforitseachmemberhasgreatdivergence,anditcouldbedividedtosomesmallgroupseasily,it’sdifficultforthesemembersofthisgrouptoformanunifiedaction;theregulationgrouphasthetargettocutoffthehighincomeofmonopolyindustries,butincertainperiodun-distinctionbetweengovernmentsandenterprisesstillexists,governorsalwaystakesidestomonopolistfortheirowninterests.Allinall,thepaperpointsoutthatthewidegapbetweenthestrengthofconsumersandmonopolistsenhancethemonopolists’powertopricingtheirproductsorservices,andtheindifferenceofnon-monopolists,theambiguousofregulatorsallleadtotheresultsformonopolistgaininghighmonopolyprofitsandsustaininghighincome.Finally,basedongameanalysisforthoseinterestgroupsintheprocessingofincomedistributionreform,thepaperincludedthataslongasthepoliticalinfluenceofmonopolistgroupisstrongerthanthatofconsumergroupandnon-monopolistgroup,theresultofthegameismonopolistgainmoreprofits.Furthermore,monopolyenterprisesandgovernmenthavethetendencytoformalliances.Thereforehighincomeofmonopolyindustriesisthegameresultamongvariousinterestgroups.Inordertopromotethereformprocess,thegapofpoliticalinfluencebetweenmonopolistgroupandconsumergroup,non-monopolistgroupmustbereduced,andtherelationshipbetweenmonopolyenterprisesandthegovernmentmustbechanged.Atthelast,thispaperbringsupsomesuggestionsonregulatinghighincomeofmonopolyindustry.Thesesuggestionsincludesthesupportingtheunionofconsumersandconsumers’association,non-monopolists’expressingtheirdemandsactively,establishinganincentiveregulationmechanismformonopolists,supervisingregulators’ownbehaviorandutilizethethirddistributiontobalanceincomegap.Afterall,themostimportantisthatgovernmentshouldbalanceallinterestforeveryinterestgroup,andeasetheirrelations.Thispaperlooksforwardthatonedaywecouldbuilduparelativelyreasonableincomedistributionsystem