【电气时代的风力发电】ManfredStiebler

GreenEnergyandTechnologyManfredStieblerWindEnergySystemsforElectricPowerGenerationWith146Figuresand15Tables123AuthorProf.Dr.ManfredStieblerTechnicalUniversityofBerlinFacultyofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScienceInst.ofEnergyandAutomationTechnologyEinsteinufer11,[e-mail]:978-3-540-68762-7e-ISBN:978-3-540-68765-8SpringerSeriesinGreenEnergyandTechnologyISSN1865-3529LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008929626c2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergThisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.Coverdesign:WMXDesign,HeidelbergPrintedonacid-freepaper987654321springer.comPrefaceAmongrenewablesourceswindpowersystemshavedevelopedtoprominentsup-pliersofelectricalenergy.Sincethe1980stheyhaveseenanexponentialincrease,bothinunitpowerratingsandoverallcapacity.Whilemostofthesystemsarefoundondryland,preferablyincoastalregions,off-shorewindparksareexpectedtoaddsignificantlytowindenergyconversioninthefuture.Thetheoryofmodernwindturbineshasnotbeenestablishedbeforethe20thcentury.Currentlywindturbineswiththreebladesandhorizontalshaftprevail.Thedrivenelectricgeneratorsareoftheasynchronousorsynchronoustype,withorwith-outinterposedgearbox.Modernsystemsaredesignedforvariablespeedoperationwhichmakepowerelectronicdevicesplayanimportantpartinwindenergyconver-sion.Manufacturinghasreachedthestateofahigh-techindustry.CountriesprominentfortheamountofinstalledwindturbinesystemsfeedingintothegridareinEuropeDenmark,GermanyandSpain.OutsideEuropeitistheUnitedStatesofAmericaandIndiawhostandoutwithlargeratesofincrease.ThemarketandthedegreeofcontributiontotheenergyconsumptioninacountryhasbeenstronglyinfluencedbyNationalsupportschemes,suchasguaranteedfeed-intariffsortaxcredits.Duetothepersonalbackgroundoftheauthor,theviewismainlydirectedonEurope,andmanyexamplesaretakenfromtheGermanscene.However,thesitua-tioninothercontinents,especiallyNorthAmericaandAsiaisalsoconsidered.Thisbookwaswrittenfromthestandpointofelectricalengineering.Itismeanttoprovidebasicknowledgeonwindenergysystemsforgraduatestudentsoftechnicaldisciplines,andforengineerswhoseekoverviewinformationapartfromtheirownspecialfield.Theintentionistoconveythepropertiesandperformanceofwindrotorsandoftheelectricalcomponentsbothtotheelectricalandthemechanicalengineer.TheauthorwishestoextendspecialthankstohiscolleaguesProf.Dr.R.GaschandProf.Dr.J.Tweletowhomheowesvaluablecommunicationduringayear-longcooperationatTUBerlinincommonprojectspertainingtowindenergy.Also,thanksareduetoSpringer-Verlagfortheircareduringthebookproduction.Berlin,GermanyM.StieblervContents1RoleofWindasaRenewableEnergy.............................11.1RenewableEnergiesandTheirApplication.....................11.1.1SourcesofRenewableEnergy..........................11.1.2SourcesofElectricalEnergyProduction.................21.1.3WindandSolarEnergy...............................31.2WindEnergyContributiontoElectricalSupply..................31.2.1InstalledPower......................................31.2.2TechnicalStandardizationandLocalissues..............71.2.3GovernmentalRegulations............................82WindTurbines.................................................112.1General...................................................112.2BasicsofWindEnergyConversion............................112.2.1PowerConversionandPowerCoefficient................112.2.2ForcesandTorque...................................142.3WindRegimeandUtilization.................................172.3.1WindVelocityDistribution............................172.3.2PowerDistributionandEnergy.........................182.3.3PowerandTorqueCharacteristics.......................192.4PowerCharacteristicsandEnergyYield........................202.4.1ControlandPowerLimitation..........................202.4.2WindClasses........................................222.4.3SystemPowerCharacteristics..........................232.4.4AnnualEnergyYield.................................263Generators....................................................293.1General...................................................293.2AsynchronousMachines.....................................303.2.1PrinciplesofOperation...............................303.2.2PerformanceEquationsandEquivalentCircuits...........31viiviiiContents3.2.3ReactivePowerCompensation.........................403.2.4Self-ExcitedOperation.........