近世佃农的经营性质与收益比较

©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:3,,:100084,:[e-mail];[e-mail](70928002),,(2000),,,,755,1620,1950,,,,(2000),,,;,,,,,40,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,831:©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,1997),,,,(,2004),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1930,,,(,1999,257),,,(2000)(1998)(2000):,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(2000)(2004),,,,,93120101,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,1979,1011(2004),,,(,2007),,,,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(2005),,;,;,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(,2008),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,041:,,,P135.,,,:,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,2003),,,,,(Long,2009),,,(,2009),(Securitytenant,Pomerantz2008),,,,,,,,33,,7,(:No.283),,7,,,,7,,,,,,1P41P3,,,,,,,,,,,;,,(,2006),,,,,,,:,,,,,269,,,9(:No.317),9,,,15:,,,,,,,190,,50,(,697),(,2009);,,14120101©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,2000,PP178385),36,8,153,,50,(:No.288)50,,,,,11,,,1980,38126%,1,193130%,24%,,Shepherd(1988)1%(1931)1120302446648314196712601432730:(1955,262)2()4.384.524.33()39.3935.0461.7825.1526.0634.44,(Buck,1937)192119257172866,,,22,,(2009):(2009),,,,241:,(AtwaterpsScale)1516018,,,,:,1980,19(1993,6,4243),20204041%,32116%:,,,,,,©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(,1986,66),,0157,7136,47167,31182,1830,55127%9616%,0184,5415(,2004),,,,,,,,,,(,2009),;,,,,,,,,,,,,(,1950),,,,,,,,,,,,,(,2009),,,11,,,,,,(2005),13,,,,,5,55,55,5,,,(Pomeranz,2008)18202153,,1215,(1982,222):,,,,,,,34120101©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(1986,123):,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(Pomeranz,2008),,,,;,!,,,,,,1%3%(3),,,,,,,,,,,13%(1933)3541013711291371921114550811:,(1955)P2657,1%3%:(1955,263)21,,,,,,(2000):,,,,441:©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.(2004):,;,,,,,31,,20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(Involution),,,,,,,54120101,(2001),(),©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,,2000:,2,2004:,,,2000:(),H,2005:,,,2006::,,4,2009:,,1993:,,1986:,,2000:,,2008:,1,2009:,,,2004:,,2007:,,1997:,,2001::,4,2008::,,,2009::16501950,2(M.H.Myers),1999:,,,1982:,,,,2004:,2641:©1994-2010ChinaAcademicJournalElectronicPublishingHouse.Allrightsreserved.:,3,1999:,(),,2006:,3,1982:,,2009:,7,1955:,,2000:,2,2003:,2,2006:,,2009:,,,2005:18,4,2009:,,2000:,,(S.N.S.Cheung,TheTheoryofShareTenancy,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1969.)Buck,J.Lossing(),1937,LandUtilizationinChina.Astudyof16786Farmsin168Localities,and38256FarmFamilies,in22ProvincesinChina,19291933.TheUniversityofChicagoPress.KennethPomeranz,2008,ChineseDevelopmentinLong2RunPerspective.ProceedingsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.Philadelphia.JaneWhittle,2000,TheDevelopmentofAgrarianCapitalism:LandandLabourinNorfolk14401580.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,30911.LongDenggao,2009,TheDiversificationofLandtransactionsintheQingDynasty.FrontiersofHistoryinChina.No.2.pp183220.Shepherd,John,1988,RethinkingTenancy:ExplainingSpatialandTemporalVariationinLateImperialandRepublicanChina,ComparativeStudiesinSocietyandHistory,30(3):40331.OntheOperationNatureandIncomeofTenantFarmbyComparisoninModernChinaLongDenggaoandPengBo(SchoolofHumanitiesandSocialSciences,TsinghuaUniversity)Abstract:Therehasbeenanacceptedtheorymakingtheeconomicandhistoricalmisunderstandingthatthenatureandincomeoftenantsweresimilartothefarmhand,bothofthemworkingforthelandlord.Actually,thetenanthouseholdhadbecomevarietyofindependentfarmstocreatewealthbyassemblingproductionfactorsfromhisownhousehold,outsidelandlordandmarketthroughpersonalandimpersonaltransaction.Fromtheuncertaintyofthefarm,tenantsgottheresidualclaim,entrepreneurialrewardandriskrevenue.Thefuturerewardoftheirinvestmentinthelandandfarmcouldberealizablevaluebytransactionsofpropertyright.Allofthem,comparatively,keptawayfromthefarmhands.Theallocationofproductionfactorspromotedefficienteconomyandproductivelandbytransactionofpropertyrightsandrentinstitution.ItisakeytounderstandtheenergyoftenantfarmandsmallpeasanteconomyintraditionalChina.KeyWords:TenantFarmOperation;ResidualClaim;Farmhand;IncomeComparison;AllocationofResourceJELClassification:N55,M13,O15(:)(:)74120101