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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 企业财务 > 第7章_成本分析_萨缪尔逊《经济学第十八版微观经济学-(
1成本分析第7章2成本的经济分析7.13短期•Theshortrun:Theperiodinwhichfirmscanadjustproductiononlybychangingvariablefactorssuchasmaterialsandlaborbutcannotchangefixedfactorssuchascapital.4固定成本•Thecostrelatedtofixedfactorsiscalledfixedcost(固定成本,不变成本).•Afirm’sfixedcosts,sometimescalled“overhead”(企业一般管理费用)or“sunkcosts”(沉入成本),mustbepaidevenifthefirmproducesnooutput,andtheywillnotchangeifoutputchanges.5变动成本•Thecostrelatedtovariablefactorsiscalledvariablecost(变动成本,可变成本).•Variablecostsarethosewhichvaryasoutputchanges.Bydefinition,VCbeginsatzerowhenqiszero.6总成本是可达到的最小成本•Totalcostrepresentsthelowesttotaldollarexpenseneededtoproduceeachlevelofoutputq.•说明:与生产函数的处理类似,总成本也是指给定产量时的最小成本,目的是为了让函数关系具有唯一性。7Totalcostinshortrun:inlongrun:TotalcostVariablecost=FixedcostVariablecost+8(1)(2)(3)(4)QuantityFixedcostVariablecostTotalcost=(2)+(3)qFC($)VC($)TC($)055055155308525555110355751304551051605551552106552252809边际成本•Theconceptofmarginalcostisoneofthemostessentialinmicroeconomics.•Marginalcost(MC)denotestheextraoradditionalcostofproducing1extraunitofoutput.10Foranairlineflyingplaneswithemptyseats,theaddedcostofanotherpassengerisquitelow.Butonahotsummerday,wheneveryone’sconditionersarerunning,theaddedelectricpowercomesatahighmarginalcost.11边际成本的计算(1)(2)(3)OutputTotalcostMarginalcostQTC($)MC($)0551852110313041605210302520305012利用变动成本计算边际成本(1)(2)(3)OutputVariablecostMarginalcostQVC($)MC($)0013025537541055155302520305013MC=TCq+1-TCq=(VCq+1+FC)-(VCq+FC)=VCq+1-VCq数学推导•为什么可以用变动成本来计算边际成本:14总成本和边际成本的关系OutputTotalcostOutputMarginalcost15平均成本Averagecost(orunitcost)=totalcostoutput=TCq=ACAveragefixedcost=fixedcostoutput=FCq=AFCAveragevariablecost=variablecostoutput=VCq=AVC16总成本、固定成本和变动成本TotalcostVariablecostFixedcostQuantityCost17平均成本和边际成本QuantityAverageandmarginalcostMCACAVCAFC平均成本最小平均变动成本最小18平均成本与边际成本的关系成本产量边际成本平均成本平均成本最低点边际成本曲线自下而上穿越平均成本曲线的最低点。19平均成本边际成本成本产量边际成本平均成本边际成本<平均成本,平均成本随着产量增加而向下。16元2212元20平均成本边际成本成本产量边际成本平均成本17元边际成本>平均成本,平均成本随着产量增加而向上。23元5021边际成本和平均成本的关系ACq+1=ACq×q+MCq+1=ACq×(q+1)+MC-ACqq+1=ACq+MC-ACqq+122小结•IfMCAC,thenACisrising.•IfMC=AC,thenACisatitslowpoint.•IfMCAC,thenACisfalling.QuantityACandMC=ACq+MC-ACqq+1ACq+1AC23边际成本和平均变动成本的关系AVCq+1=AVCq×q+MCq+1=AVCq×(q+1)+MC-AVCqq+1=AVCq+MC-AVCqq+124小结•IfMCAVC,thenAVCisrising.•IfMC=AVC,thenAVCisatitslowpoint.•IfMCAVC,thenAVCisfalling.QuantityACandMC=AVCq+MC-AVCqq+1AVCq+1AVC25斜率和边际成本的关系TangentlineTotalcostcurve1unitofoutputMarginalcostaaTCMCQ26产量与成本之间的联系•Thecostcurveforafirmdependsverycloselyon①thepricesofinputsand②thefirm’sproductionfunction.•Ifyouknowfactorpricesandtheproductionfunction,youcancalculatethecostcurve.27(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)OutputLandLaborRentWageTotalcost(tons)(acres)(workers)($/acre)($/worker)($)01005.555511065.55?210115.55110310155.55130410215.55160510315.55?610455.55280710635.55370810855.554808521028报酬递减和U形成本曲线LaborMarginalproductoflaborMarginalcostOutputABDABDMCACIntheshortrun:29最小成本规则Toagivenoutput:MarginalproductofinputAPriceofinputA=MarginalproductofinputBPriceofinputB=……30等边际原理BBAAMPPMPP1$1$Thisgivesyouthemarginalproductperdollarofoutput.31替代规则•Ifthepriceofonefactorfallswhileallotherfactorpricesremainthesame,firmswillprofitbysubstitutingthenow-cheaperfactorforalltheotherfactors.MPofLaborPriceofLabor=MPofCapitalPriceofCapital32背景知识•在资本主义由工场手工业向大机器生产过渡的历史时期,由于机器操作的简单性,女工、童工加入劳动行列,劳动供给增加。与此同时,大机器生产要求相对较多的资本,资本的供给相对稀缺。这是导致工人当时生活贫困的主要原因。•当资本不断积累,而生产又要求较为复杂的劳动技能时,在要素市场上,资本不可能总是处于有利的竞争地位。33短期成本与长期成本的关系成本产量长期平均成本1亩地2亩地4亩地3亩地1亩地更有利2亩地更有利3亩地更有利4亩地更有利34规模经济与规模不经济成本产量长期平均成本规模经济规模不经济35经济成本和企业会计7.236经济成本和会计成本•经济成本(economiccost):投入生产的所有资源的机会成本。•会计成本(accountingcost):按照会计规则计算的成本•在会计帐面上显示出来的经济成本称为外显(显性)成本(explicitcosts),在会计帐面上不能显示出来的经济成本称为内含(隐性)成本(implicitcosts)。37经济利润•经济成本=外显成本+内含成本=机会成本•经济利润=销售收入–经济成本•经济利润是计入了所有使用的资源代价后的纯收益。38一个体饭馆业主使用自己的店面,1年盈利3万元,这个3万元称之为会计利润。若不开饭馆,在所有可选工作中最高可赚得2万元,人力的经济成本就是2万元。如果店面用于出租可以获得1.5万元租金,那么店面的经济成本就是1.5万元。考虑到经济成本后,这个个体饭馆业主的经济利润为-0.5万元。39收益表(1)Netsales$250,000Lesscostofgoodssold:(2)Materials$50,000(3)Laborcost90,000(4)Miscellaneousoperatingcosts10,000(5)Lessoverheadcosts:(6)Sellingandadministrativecosts15,000(7)Rentforbuilding5,000(8)Depreciation15,000(9)Operatingexpenses$185,000185,000(10)Netoperatingincome$65,00040收益表(10)Netoperatingincome$65,000Less:(11)interestchargesonequipmentloan6,000(12)Stateandlocaltaxes4,000(13)Netincomebeforeincometaxes$55,000(14)Less:Corporationincometaxes18,000(15)Netincome(orprofit)aftertaxes$37,000(16)Less:Dividendspaidoncommonstock15,000(17)Additionorretainedearnings$22,00041Thedepreciationistakeninannualaccountingchargesovertheasset’saccountinglifetime折旧$10,000$10,000$10,000$10,000$10,000$10,000$10,000$10,000$10,000$10,000∑depreciation=thecapitalgood’shistoricalcostorpurchaseprice.Depreciation=theannualcostofacapitalinputthatacompanyactuallyownsitself.42资产负债表AssetsLiabilitiesandnetworthLiabilitiesCurrentassets:Currentliabilities:Cash$20,000Accountspayable$20,000Inventory80,000Notespayable30,000Fixedassets:Long-termliabilities:Equipment150,000Bondspayable100,000Buildings100,000NetworthStockholders’equity:________Commonstock20
本文标题:第7章_成本分析_萨缪尔逊《经济学第十八版微观经济学-(
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