流域水质目标管理技术研究-控制单元的总量控制技术-孟伟

()孟伟1,张楠1,2,张远1,郑丙辉11.,1000122.,100875:,TMDL,TMDL.,,,,,,.:;;;;TMDL:X-651:A:1001-6929(2007)04-0001-08TheStudyonTechniqueofBasinWaterQualityTargetManagement:PollutantTotalAmountControlTechniqueinControlUnitMENGWei1,ZHANGNan1,2,ZHANGYuan1,ZHENGBinghui11.RiverandCostalEnvironmentalResearchCenter,ChinaResearchAcademyofEnvironmentalSciences,Beijing100012,China2.CollegeofWaterSciences,BeijingNormalUniversity,Beijing100875,ChinaAbstract:Thecurrentdomesticandforeignsystemsofwaterpollutioncontroltechnologyweresummarized.Emphatically,thetechnicalframeworkandadvantagesofTMDLprogramofUSEPA,regardedastheverytypicaltechniqueofwaterqualitymanagementintheworld,weresystematicallyintroduced,whichcanoffergoodreferencetobasinwaterqualitytargetmanagementinChina.Basedontheprinciplesofhumanfundamental,emphasisonecologicalhealthandbytype,byregion,bygradeandbyterm,thetechniquesystemofbasinwaterqualitytargetmanagementwasconstructedwiththegoalofkeepingthehealthofwaterecosystem.Theimplicationsandtraitsofthistechniquesystemwereexplained.Themethodsofcontrolunitbasedpollutanttotalamountcontrolwereanalyzed,suchastheecologicalzoningofwaterenvironment,theconstructionofwaterqualitystandardsystem,thechoiceofwaterpollutioncontrolunit,thecalculationofactualandpermittedpollutantload,theallocationofpollutantloadandsoon.Finally,foursuggestionswerebroughtforwardforactualizingthebasinwaterqualitytargetmanagementsystem.Keywords:basinwaterqualitytargetmanagement;waterecology;controlunit;contaminantgrosscontrol;TMDL:2007-06-06:(2003BA614A-04);(973)(2002CB412409):(1956-),,,,,[e-mail].2070.,,,,.,,[1],,,.,.,,204ResearchofEnvironmentalSciencesVol.20,No.4,2007,.,,[2],[3],TMDL[4].TMDL,20,,.,,.,,,,.,,,[56].11.1TMDL1972,,.,,TMDL.1985,,,(USEPA)TMDL.,USEPA1997TMDL,TMDL.,TMDL,20052006,TMDL4000,1996200622000.TMDL,,,,[8].,,[9].TMDLTMDL,,TMDL,TMDL[1011].3:...,...,TMDL5:TMDL,;TMDL,,,,;TMDL,,,,;,,,pH;,.20,.12,2000,2015,.,,,2012220,,,,;,[7].,.133.,,[1].,,.,.,.,,,.,TMDL,,,.,TMDL,:.,,,.,,.,,,,,.TMDL.221,,,,..a.,,.,,;,,,.b..,;,;,;,.c..,,,.,,.d..34:(),,.,,,.,(1),.,,;;,;.2.2,,,.,1Fig.1Thetechnicalframeworkofthecontrolunitbasedpollutanttotalamountcontrol420:,;,.,.20803,,5[12].,TMDL[13].,,,,,.,,,,.2.3,,.,,,,.TMDL.,[1415],a.,.USEPA2001,,..,,,,.,,,,,(),,.2.4.()(),,,.,.USEPATMDL,(1).TMDL,,,TMDL;,,[16].,,,,TMDL.2.5,,,,:,,54:()1Table1TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthecontrolunitsatdifferentscalesTMDL(130km2)TMDL(130km2),TMDL;,,;..,3[17].,,,.,,,,,,.,,.SWAT,,TMDL[1819].,,BASINS[20]WARMF[21].,,[22].,,.,,.2.6,2.,,,;,..TMDL,,.TMDL=WLA+LA+BL+MOS(1),TMDL;WLA;LA;BL;MOS.(MOS).,.,TMDL,,TMDL.,,,,[2325].,TMDL,.,,,620,..,,,19.,,,,.3,,.,,,.,,,,,,.,4.a.,,,.b..,,4,,,.c.,,,,.d.,:.:[1],.[J].:,2005,26(1):9398.[2].[J].,2006(2):6062.[3],,,.[J].,2005(11):4143.[4],.TMDL[J].,2005,11(9):535537.[5],,.[J].,2006,19(3):16.[6],,.[J].,2004,2(4):242246.[7]EuropeanUnion.Directive200060ECoftheEuropeanparliamentandofcouncilof23October2000establishingaframeworkforcommunityactioninthefieldofwaterpolicy[J].CELEXEUROfficialJournal,L3271,2000,12:172.[8]USEPA.Overviewofcurrenttotalmaximumdailyloadtmdlprogramandregulations[EBOL].[2007-04-13].http:[9],,.[J].,2004(4):3741.[10]USEPA.TMDLprogramimplementationstrategy[Z].WashingtonDC:WatershedBranch,USEPA,1996.[11]USEPA.Guidanceforwaterqualitybaseddecisions:theTMDLprocess[Z].WashingtonDC:WatershedBranch,USEPA,1991.[12]OmernikJM,GallantAL.Definingregionsforevaluatingenvironmentalresources[C]IUFRO,FAO.Proceedingsoftheglobalnaturalresourcemonitoringandassessmentsymposium,preparingfor21stcentury.Venice,Italy:IUFRO,FAO,1990:936947.[13]HostGeorgeE,CrowThomasR,WhiteDavidJ,etal.Aquantitativeapproachtodevelopingregionalecosystemclassifications[J].EcologicalApplications,1996,6(2):608618.[14]USEPA.Nutrientcriteriatechnicalguidancemanuallakeandreservoirs[R].WashingtonDC:USEPA,2000.[15]USEPA.Nationalstrategyforthedevelopmentofregionalnutrientcriteria[R].WashingtonDC:USEPA,1998.[16]USEPA.ProtocolforDevelopingNutrientTMDLs[Z].WashingtonDC:OfficeofWater,USEPA,1999.[17]DePintoJosephV,FreedmanPaulL,DilksDavidM,etal.Modelsquantifythetotalmaximumdailyloadprocess[J].JEnvironEng,2004,130(6):703713.[18]KangMS,ParkSW,LeeJJ,etal.ApplyingSWATforTMDLprogramstoasmallwatershedcontainingricepaddyfields[J].AgriculturalWaterManagement,2006,79:7292.[19]WagnerRachelC,DillahaTheoA,YagowGene.AnassessmentofthereferencewatershedapproachforTMDLswithbiologicalimpairments[J].WaterAirSoilPollut,2007,181:341354.74:()[20]USEPA.BetterassessmentscienceintegratingpointandnonpointsourcesBASINSVersion3.0[R].WashingtonDC:OfficeofWater,EPA,2001.[21]EPRI.Watershedanalysisriskmanagementframework:updateone:adecisionsupportsystemforwatershedanalysisandtotalmaximumdailyloadcalculation,allocationandimplementation[R].California:EPRI,2001.[22],,.WARMF[J].,2005,16(2):289294.[23]DilksDavidW,FreedmanPaulL.Improvedconsiderationofthemarginofsafetyintotalmaximumdailyloaddevelopment[J].JEnvironEng,2004,6:690694.[24]ZhangHarryX,FillmoreLaurenA.IstheTMDLontarget?[J].WaterEnvironTechnol,2003,15(6):2731