国际经济学第八版上册第二章课后答案

OverviewofSectionI:InternationalTradeTheorySectionIofthetextiscomprisedofsixchapters:Chapter2WorldTrade:AnOverviewChapter3LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:TheRicardianModelChapter4Resources,ComparativeAdvantage,andIncomeDistributionChapter5TheStandardTradeModelChapter6EconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTradeChapter7InternationalFactorMovementsSectionIOverviewSectionIofthetextpresentsthetheoryofinternationaltrade.Theintentofthissectionistoexplorethemotivesforandimplicationsofpatternsoftradebetweencountries.Thepresentationproceedsbyintroducingsuccessivelymoregeneralmodelsoftrade,wherethegeneralityisprovidedbyincreasingthenumberoffactorsusedinproduction,byincreasingthemobilityoffactorsofproductionacrosssectorsoftheeconomy,byintroducingmoregeneraltechnologiesappliedtoproduction,andbyexaminingdifferenttypesofmarketstructure.ThroughoutSectionI,policyconcernsandcurrentissuesareusedtoemphasizetherelevanceofthetheoryofinternationaltradeforinterpretingandunderstandingoureconomy.Chapter2givesabriefoverviewofworldtrade.Inparticular,itdiscusseswhatweknowaboutthequantitiesandpatternofworldtradetoday.Thechapterusestheempiricalrelationshipknownasthegravitymodelasaframeworktodescribetrade.Thisframeworkdescribestradeasafunctionofthesizeoftheeconomiesinvolvedandtheirdistance.Itcanthenbeusedtoseewherecountriesaretradingmoreorlessthanexpected.Thechapteralsonotesthegrowthinworldtradeoverthepreviousdecadesandusesthepreviouseraofglobalization(pre-WWI)ascontextfortoday’sexperience.Chapter3introducesyoutointernationaltradetheorythroughaframeworkknownastheRicardianmodeloftrade.Thismodeladdressestheissueofwhytwocountrieswouldwanttotradewitheachother.Thismodelshowshowmutually-beneficialtradeariseswhentherearetwocountries,eachwithonefactorofproductionwhichcanbeappliedtowardproducingeachoftwogoods.Keyconceptsareintroduced,suchastheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,comparativeadvantageversusabsoluteadvantage,gainsfromtrade,relativeprices,andrelativewagesacrosscountries.Chapter4introduceswhatisknownastheclassicHeckscher-Ohlinmodelofinternationaltrade.Usingthisframework,youcanworkthroughtheeffectsoftradeonwages,pricesandoutput.Manyimportantandintuitiveresultsarederivedinthischapterincluding:theRybczynskiTheorem,theStolper-SamuelsonTheorem,andtheFactorPriceEqualizationTheorem.ImplicationsoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelforthepatternoftradeamongcountriesarediscussed,asarethefailuresofempiricalevidencetoconfirmthepredictionsofthetheory.Thechapteralsointroducesquestionsofpoliticaleconomyintrade.One4Krugman/Obstfeld•InternationalEconomics:TheoryandPolicy,EighthEditionimportantreasonforthisadditiontothemodelistoconsidertheeffectsoftradeonincomedistribution.Thisapproachshowsthatwhilenationsgenerallygainfrominternationaltrade,itisquitepossiblethatspecificgroupswithinthesenationscouldbeharmedbythistrade.Thisdiscussion,andrelatedquestionsaboutprotectionismversusglobalization,becomesbroaderandevenmoreinterestingasyouworkthroughthemodelsanddifferentassumptionsofsubsequentchapters.Chapter5presentsageneralmodelofinternationaltradewhichadmitsthemodelsofthepreviouschaptersasspecialcases.This“standardtrademodel”isdepictedgraphicallybyageneralequilibriumtrademodelasappliedtoasmallopeneconomy.Relativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesareusedtoanalyzeavarietyofpolicyissues,suchastheeffectsofeconomicgrowth,thetransferproblem,andtheeffectsoftradetariffsandproductionsubsidies.Theappendixtothechapterdevelopsoffercurveanalysis.Whileanextremelyusefultool,thestandardmodeloftradefailstoaccountforsomeimportantaspectsofinternationaltrade.Specifically,whilethefactorproportionsHeckscher-Ohlintheoriesexplainsometradeflowsbetweencountries,recentresearchininternationaleconomicshasplacedanincreasingemphasisoneconomiesofscaleinproductionandimperfectcompetitionamongfirms.Chapter6presentsmodelsofinternationaltradethatreflectthesedevelopments.Thechapterbeginsbyreviewingtheconceptofmonopolisticcompetitionamongfirms,andthenshowingthegainsfromtradewhichariseinsuchimperfectlycompetitivemarkets.Next,internalandexternaleconomiesofscaleinproductionandcomparativeadvantagearediscussed.Thechaptercontinueswithadiscussionoftheimportanceofintra-industrytrade,dumping,andexternaleconomiesofproduction.Thesubjectmatterofthischapterisimportantsinceitshowshowgainsfromtradeariseinwaysthatarenotsuggestedbythestandard,moretraditionalmodelsofinternationaltrade.Thesubjectmatteralsoisenlighteninggiventheincreasedemphasisonintra-industrytradeinindustrializedcountries.Chapter7focusesoninternationalfactormobility.Thisdepartsfrompreviouschapterswhichassumedthatthefactorsofproductionavailableforproductionwithinacountrycouldnotleaveacountry’sborders.Reasonsforandtheeffectsofinternationalfactormobilityarediscussedinthecontextofaone-factor(labor)productionandtrademodel.Theanalysisoftheinternationalmobilityoflabormotivatesafurtherdiscussionofinternationalmobilityofcapital.Theinternationalmobilityofcapitaltakestheformofinternationalborrowingandlending.Thisfacilitatesthediscussionofinter-temporalprodu