高中动词不定式详细讲解

什么叫非谓语动词？1：当一个动词在句中做主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语或状语成份时就叫做非谓语。2.因为不同的成份必须用不同的词性，所以做各种成份的动词必须要变化其形式才能做对应的成份。三非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作的先后关系是什么？弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在非谓语表示的动作非谓语动词的形式在谓语表示的动作之后与谓语表示的动作同时发生在谓语表示的动作之前todo/tobedonetodo/tobedone/tobedoing;doing/beingdone;done;tohavedone/tohavebeendone;havingdone/havingbeendone非谓语动词动名词分词不定式现在分词过去分词不定式:是一种非限定性动词。1.非限定动词:是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，2.动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。3.动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式和进行式。一.基本形式：to+动词原形二.其否定形式是:“not/nevertodo”/notdo.三.不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化。不定式的构成:肯定：to+V.原或者(to)+V.原否定：not/never+(to)+V.原1)Helikestoreadnovels.2)Isawhimcome.3)Wedecidednottobuythathouse.4)Itisinterestingtoflyakite.5)Pleaselethimnotgothere.动词不定式的结构（2）特点：A.没有人称和数的变化C.有时态和语态的变化（被动语态的形式为tobe+动词过去分词）B.可以有自己的宾语和状语动词不定式1.作主语2.作宾语3.作宾语补足语4.作定语5.作状语6.作表语7.作独立成分8.与疑问词等连用动词不定式Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.Wefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwateraftertheoperation.主语宾语表语定语状语宾补英语博客网一.结构:todo(否定)not/nevertodo二.时态与语态主动语态被动语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式不定式todotobedonetobedoingtohavedonetohavebeendonetohavebeendoing--------------------(1).Theypretendednottoseeus.(2).Hepretendedtobesleeping.(3).Shepretendedtohaveknownitbefore.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在它之后.)(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)(4).We’rehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.(完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续)三.用法/功能Toseeistobelieve.It’simportanttolearnEnglishwell.(1).主语1.单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数2.不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.isis三.用法/功能Toseeistobelieve.It’simportanttolearn.(1).主语不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.It+be+adj.+for/ofsb.todosth.for:adj.多为描述不定式行为的特征（important/necessary/interesting等.）of:adj.多为描述主语的品质特征（kind/nice/friendly/wise/foolish等.）作主语Itiseasy_______hertolearnEnglishwell.Itisclever________youtosolvetheproblem.offor5、轮到我们打扫教室了。Itisourturn_________________________6、Towastetimeistoshortenlife.（翻译成中文）tocleantheclassroom.浪费时间就是缩短生命。练习1、主语+be+todosth主语多为duty/wish/hope/idea/plan/ambition/dream/work/job等名词1、Mydreamistobeasinger.2、Hisworkistocleantheclassroomeveryday.作表语我的梦想是成为一名歌手。他的工作是每天清扫教室。1、动词+todosth.常用动词有：want/wish/like/wouldlike/hope/plan/try/decide/learn/need/agree/begin/start/forget/remember/manage/seem/fail/manage/promise等1、Ihopetofinishittomorrow.2、Sheplanstogoandteachinthecountry.作宾语1、Don’tforget_________________.(关灯)2、Ihappened________whenhecalledme.（出去）3、Idon’twant________________.(依赖别人）4、Samislearning________________.(怎样开车）5、Wepromise__________theenvironment.(保护)toturnoffthelighttogoouttodependonothershowtodriveacar练习toprotect1、动词+宾语（sb./sth.)+todosth.1、Theteacheraskedhertoanswerthequestion.2、Thedoctortoldmetohaveagoodrest.作宾补-对宾语进行补充说明常用动词有：ask,tell,allow,want等Theteachertoldmetocleantheblackboard.Iexpectyoutogivemesomehelp.(4).宾补五看watchseelookatobservenotice三使letmakehave二听listentohear一感觉:feelwarn,tell,allow,help,ask,force等e.g.Imadehimdohiswork.Hewasmadetodohiswork(byme).注意1help后面的“to”可省去e.g.Theyoftenhelpthegrandma(to)carrywater.2see,hear,watch,feel,notice,lookat等表示感觉和let,make,have等表示使役的动词后面，不定式作宾语时要省“to”（注：被动语态不省to）•典型例题•1)----Iusuallygotherebytrain.•----Whynot___byboatforachange?•A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing•答案：D.whynot后面接不带to的不定式，因此选D。•2)Pauldoesn'thavetobemade___.Healwaysworkshard.•A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning•答案：B.make后接不带to的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to不可省略。3不定式用在介词but,except,besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1).Shecoulddonothingbutcry.(2).Ihavenochoicebuttogo.(3).Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep.1、Lethim_______theworkatonce.(finish/tofinish)2、Doyoulikelisteningtootherpeople______?(talk/talking/totalk)3、Jimwasseen_________theroom.(enter/toenter)4、Pleasetellher_________hereontime.(come/tocome)finishtalktoentertocome练习5、I’llhelpyou_________thisproblem.(tosolve/solve)6、Iwishyouwillstaywithus.(改成简单句）7、Herstorymadeuslaugh.(改成被动句）(to)solveIwishyoutostaywithus.Weweremadetolaughbyherstory.放在被修饰词的后面Ihavealotofworktodo.Iwanttofindsomethingtodrink.作定语不定式为不及物动词时后面应有必要的介词。I’mlookingforahotel_________.A.stayB.stayatC.tostayD.tostayatD位置：Ihavesomethingtosay.Hehasalotofhomeworktodo.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.(5).定语(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.)请给我一支写字的笔.Pleasegivemeapentowritewith.6.作定语(后置）1.Doyouhaveanythingmore_______﹙要说﹚?2.Shehasalotofwork_______﹙做﹚everyday.3.Theoldmanhasahouse_________﹙住﹚.4.Sheisaniceperson__________﹙共事﹚.tosaytodotoliveintoworkwith4.something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。e.g.Doyouhaveanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗Icameheretoseeyou.Hegotupearlytocatchthetrain.(6)状语（表示目的或结果）inorderto,soasto,enoughto,onlyto,too….to.,在一些短语中也有体现(8)“疑问词＋不定式”用法1.不定式前可带what，who，which，where,when,how,whose,等疑问词,这种不定式短语在句中作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。例:Hedidn’ttellmewheretogo.(直宾)Idon’tknowwhattosaynow.(宾语)Idon'tknowwhattodonext.(宾语）Hetaughtushowtousethecomputer．(宾语补足语)返回注意：•在与why连用时，只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Whynothavearest?(7).独立结构•tobefrank,•tobehonest,Totellthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.类似的结构•关于不定式中的小品词to(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词.eg:Wouldyouliketogowithme?I’dliketo.(2).不定式是tobe结