lecture-11

Lecture11VerbTense&Aspect(I)TeachingContent1Usesofpresentsimple2Usesofpastsimple3Usesofpresentprogressive4Usesofpastprogressive11.1UsesofPresentSimpleThesimplepresenttenseisusedfortwomaintypesofaction:HabitsActionswhichhappenregularly(everyday,everyweek,etc.)StatesThingswhichdonotoftenchange(opinions,conditions,etc.)1.TimelessPresentHonestyisthebestpolicy.Arollingstonegathersnomoss.LondonstandsontheRiverThames.TimelessPresentEternalTruthsProverbsScientificfactsThisuseofthesimplepresentmostlyappliestoStativeVerbs2.HabitualPresentExpressionsforFrequencyalwaysmostofthetimeusuallysometimeshalfofthetimeoftenfrequentlyoccasionallyrarelyseldomhardlyeverneversimplepresent-usedwhenmentioning:always(habits)aslongasIcanremember(customs)•habits•skills•customsIusuallywork9to5.HeoftenplaysgolfonSaturday.Wealwayseatdinnertogether.Frequently,wehavelunchout.Wenevereatbreakfasttogether.impliedtime:indicatespermanence3.MomentaryandInstantaneousPresentWhat’sthematterwithyou?Youlookpale.Whatdoyouthink,Jane?A.Momentarypresent(现时状态）Amomentaryphenomenonthatexistsatthetimeofspeaking.•hassomeduration•associatedwithstativeverbstheeventtakesplacesinglyandonce-for-allwithinthemomentofspeaking.B.InstantaneousPresent(现在瞬间动作）：•haslittleornodurationUsedincertainspeechsituationssuchas:•Alwaysdynamica.Commentariesoffast-movingsports:HarperpassestheballtoJennings;Jenningsshootsandthegoalkeeperleapsforitbut–yes,it’sagoal.(Conjuror:)Look,Itakethiscardfromthepackandplaceitunderthehandkerchief-so.(Demonstrator:)NowIputthecakemixtureintothisbowlandaddadropofvanillaessence.c.Someformaldeclarations:b.TherunningcommentaryIdeclarethemeetingopen.4)ReferringtotheFuturefutureeventsconceivedofas“certain”if/when…calendartimetableplanarrangementThreesubclauses:Ihope…Ibet…seetoit…makesure…makecertain…Ihopeyouhaveagoodtime.=Ihopeyouwillhaveagoodtime.I’llmakesureyoudon’tgetlost.=…youwon’tgetlost.Ifitwillbefinetomorrow,…Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillgotothecountryside5)SimplePresentReferringtothePasta.CommunicationVerbstell,say,hear,learn,writetoexpressthepresenteffectofinformationreceivedinthepastAlicetellsmeyou’reenteringcollegenextyear.IhearpooroldMrs.Smithhaslostherson.b.HistoricPresent:asadeviceofstory-tellingandnewsreportingtoaddvividnesstothedescriptionIwasjustdozingoffinfrontofthetelevisionwhenmywiferushesinshoutingthatthekitchenisonfire.11.2UsesofPastSimple1Pasteventsandpasthabits:e.g.:ShelivedinRomeforalongtime.e.g.:TheyoncesawChairmanMao.e.g.:IsmokedfortycigarettesadaytillIgaveup.e.g.:Theyneverdrankwine.2.Attitudinalpastimplyingapolite,tentativeattitude(wonder,want,think,hope)e.g.:Iwonderedifyoucouldgivemesomehelp.3HypotheticalpastIt’stime…,Iwish…,I’drather…,Suppose….e.g.:It’stimeyouhadaholiday.e.g.:Iwishyoulivedclosertous.e.g.:IfIhadthemoneynow,I’dbuyacar.e.g.:Supposetheydidn’tbelieveit,howshouldweconvincethem?（hypothesiscontrarytothepresentfact）1)ToDenoteanActioninProgressattheMomentofSpeakingdurativedynamicverbsA:whatareyoudoing?B:I’mwritingaletter.11.3Usesofpresentprogressive2)ToDenoteanActioninProgressataPeriodofTimeIncludingthePresentJohnislosinghishair.butnotnecessarilyatthemomentofspeaking,thatis,atemporaryhabitasdistinguishedfromthepermanenthabitdenotedbythesimplepresent.Heworksinachemicalfactory.Heisworkinginachemicalfactorythesedays.thepresentprogressivetemporarythepresentpermanentNote:presentprogressivesubjectivewhenaccompaniedbyanadverbialoffrequencyimpartsanemotionalcolouring,oftenofannoyanceordisapprovalalwayscontinuallyconstantlyforeversimplepresentobjectiveShecomplainsaboutthehouse.Sheisconstantlycomplainingaboutthehouse.Themanisalwaysboasting.Thestudentsaremakingprogressconstantly.It’salwaysraininghere.3)TodenoteaFutureHappeningAccordingtoaDefinitePlanorArrangementMr.Cameronisleavingchinainafewweeks.I’mgoingtoQingdaoforthesummerholiday.I’mchangingmyhotel.Thesunissetting.Sheisdying.Whenyoupassbytheshop,pleasedropin.Whenyouarepassingbytheshop,pleasedropin.1.thenearfuture3.withadefiniteplan/arrangement/programme2.withobviousfuturereferenceFeatures:PresentprogressiveforDecision，Volition:I’mnotleavingtomorrow.I’mnotstayingwithyou.WhenIgrowup,I’mflyingtothemoon.InTemporalandConditionalClause:I’llthinkaboutitwhileyou’rewritingthereport.Ifyouarestandingatthecorner,I’llgiveyoualift.thereisfuturereferenceinthemainclause4)ToDenoteOtherMeaningsA:AnactionintheimmediatepastYoudon’tbelieveit?YouknowI’mtellingthetruth.Idon’tknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.communicationverbsB:politerrequestsI’mhopingyou’llgiveussomeadvice.I’mwonderingifImayhaveawordwithyou.Whatareyouwanting?11.4Usesofpastprogressive1putemphasisonthecourseofanactioninthepastExample:Hewasplayingfootball.2twoactionshappeningatthesametime(inthepast)Example:Whileshewaspreparingdinner,hewaswashingthedishes.3actiongoingonatacertaintimeinthepastExample:WhenIwashavingbreakfast,thephonesuddenlyrang.11.4Usesofpastprogressive1)ToDenoteanActioninProgressataDefinitePointorPeriodofPastTimeWhatwereyoudoingyesterdayatsevenp.m.?Theywerebuildingadamlastwinter.thepasttimereferenceisusua