食品质量与安全专业

食品质量与安全专业实验指导书（供一年级试用）渤海大学生物与食品科学学院食品质量与安全实验指导书目录-1-目录无机化学························································································································-1-实验一无机化学实验基本操作········································································-1-实验二电解质溶液····························································································-2-实验三醋酸解离度和解离常数的测定····························································-4-实验四基础理论的综合应用············································································-6-动物解剖生理学···········································································································-8-实验一猪全身骨骼解剖···················································································-8-实验二猪胃肠的解剖·····················································································-10-实验三牛羊胃肠的解剖·················································································-12-实验四猪牛羊肝脏的解剖·············································································-14-实验五猪牛羊肺脏的解剖·············································································-15-实验六猪牛羊肾脏的解剖·············································································-16-实验七猪牛羊心脏的解剖·············································································-17-实验八鸡的解剖·····························································································-18-实验九器官组织的显微镜观察·····································································-20-分析化学······················································································································-23-实验一分析天平称量方法··············································································-23-实验二滴定分析基本操作、酸碱标准溶液的配制、标定··························-26-实验三有机酸含量的测定··············································································-29-实验四未知混合碱试样的分析······································································-31-实验五铵盐中氮含量的测定（甲醛法）······················································-32-实验六EDTA标准溶液的配制、标定，水硬度的测定·······························-34-实验七高锰酸钾标准溶液的配制、标定，过氧化氢含量的测定··············-36-实验八自选题目综合性实验··········································································-38-有机化学······················································································································-39-实验一简单玻璃工操作·················································································-39-实验二乙酰苯胺的合成·················································································-40-实验三熔点的测定（毛细管法）·································································-42-实验四从茶叶中提取咖啡因·········································································-44-食品质量与安全实验指导书无机化学-1-无机化学实验一无机化学实验基本操作一、实验目的1、掌握实验室的有关要求；2、掌握常用玻璃仪器的认领、洗涤及使用等；3、掌握无机化学实验的基本操作。二、实验仪器和试剂1、仪器：托盘天平，电动离心机，烧杯，容量瓶，移液管，吸量管，试管，离心试管，试剂瓶，小滴瓶，量筒，吸耳球等。2、试剂：HAc，HCl，NH3.H2O，NaOH，NaAC，NaCl，Pb（NO３）2，AgNO3，KI，K2CrO４，CaCl２，CuSO4等。三、实验内容1、实验室的有关要求2、常用玻璃仪器的认领、洗涤及使用方法主要包括：烧杯，容量瓶，移液管，吸量管，试管，离心试管，量筒，试剂瓶，滴瓶等。3、无机化学实验的基本操作试管反应、过滤、离心分离等操作，通过配制一些试剂掌握基本操作及试剂的取用等。四、注意事项容量瓶，移液管，吸量管为精密玻璃仪器，不能用毛刷来刷，严禁烘干。五、思考题1、烧杯，容量瓶，移液管，吸量管，量筒中哪些为准确量取液体体积的容器？2、称取NaOH固体时，应用什么器皿？3、移液管或吸量管在放出溶液时最后一滴溶液应如何处理？4、如果药品在溶解过程中放热或是通过加热后溶解，在未冷却到室温时能否转入容量瓶中？5、容量瓶和移液管哪个需用所装溶液润洗？六、参考资料1、北京师范大学无机化学教研室编.《无机化学实验》，北京：高等教育出版社，20012、中山大学等校编.《无机化学实验》，北京：高等教育出版社，19923、北京大学普通化学教研室编，《普通化学实验》，北京：北京大学出版社，20004、王林山，张霞编.《无机化学实验》，北京：化学工业出版社，20045、林俊杰编.《无机化学实验》，北京：化学工业出版社，2003食品质量与安全实验指导书无机化学-2-实验二电解质溶液一、实验目的1、掌握缓冲溶液的配制方法并能设计实验方案试验其性质；2、掌握同离子效应对弱电解质电离度及离解平衡的影响；3、掌握溶度积规则的应用。4、掌握电动离心机的使用方法及试管反应等操作。二、实验原理1、同离子效应：在弱电解质的溶液中，加入含有相同离子的易溶性强电解质，会使弱电解质的解离度减小。2、缓冲溶液的性质：缓冲溶液能抵抗少量的外加强酸、强碱或稀释，而保持本身pH值基本不变。3、溶度积规则的应用：反应商大于溶度积时，生成沉淀，反之沉淀溶解。4、盐的水解：弱酸或弱碱生成的盐水解，溶液pH大于或小于7，强酸强碱盐不水解。三、实验仪器和试剂1、仪器：电动离心机，试管，离心试管，小烧杯，量筒等。2、试剂：0.1mol/L的下列溶液:HAc，HCl，NH3.H2O，NaOH，NaAC，NaCl，Pb（NO３）2，AgNO3，KI，K2CrO４，CaCl２。1:1HCl，6mol/L，NH3.H2O，NH4AC固体，甲基橙，酚酞，pH试纸等。四、实验内容（1）同离子效应用所给药品自行设计实验方案试验同离子效应对HAc及NH3.H2O解离度的影响,并写出有关的离子方程式。（2）缓冲溶液的配制及性质用所给药品配制pH=4的缓冲溶液20mL，并自行设计实验方案试验其性质。（3）溶度积规则的应用①沉淀的生成在试管中加入10滴0.1mol/L的Pb（NO３）２和10滴0.1mol/LKI,有无沉淀生成？在试管中加入10滴0.001mol/L的Pb（NO３）２和10滴0.001mol/LKI，有无沉淀生成？用溶度积规则解释上述现象。②沉淀的溶解先自行设计实验方案制取CaC２O４,AgCl沉淀,然后按下列要求将它们分别溶解：用生成弱电解质的方法溶解CaC２O４沉淀。用生成配离子的方法溶解AgCl沉淀。③分步沉淀在试管中加入0.1mol/LNaCl和K２CrO４各10滴，然后滴加0.1mol/LAgNO３溶液,边加边振荡，观察形成沉淀的颜色变化，用溶度积规则解释。（4）盐的水解用pH试纸分别测定0.1mol/LNaCl，KI，NH４Cl，NaAc溶液的pH值，解释原因。五、注意事项1、在分步沉淀实验中，一定要滴加并且边加边摇动试管，否则因局部形成砖红色的Ag２CrO４沉淀不利于观察。2、试验缓冲溶液性质时，加酸和碱的量一定要少量，否则超过缓冲范围，无缓冲作用。食品质量与安全实验指导书无机化学-3-3、使用离心机时，离心试管要对称。六、思考题1、同离子效应对弱电解质的电离度有何影响？2、试验缓冲溶液的性质有哪几种方法？3、使沉淀溶解有几种方法？4、在分步沉淀实验时，应注意哪些操作环节？5、影响盐类水解度的因素有哪些？6、试验缓冲溶液的性质时，酸碱的加入量及浓度对实验结果是否有影响？7、缓冲溶液的缓冲能力与哪些因素有关？七、参考资料1、北京师范大学无机化学教研室编.《无机化学实验》，第三版，北京：高等教育出版社，20012、中山大学等校编.《无机化学实验》，北京：高等教育出版社，19923、北京大学普通化学教研室编.《普通化学实验》，北京：北京大学出版社，20004、王林山，张霞编.《无机化学实验》，北京：化学工业出版社，20045、林俊杰编.《无机化学实验》，北京：化学工业出版社，2003食品质量与安全实验指导书无机化学-4-实验三醋酸解离度和解离常数的测定一、实验目的1、加深对解离常数及解离度的理解；2、学会使用酸度计；3、掌握醋酸解离度和解离常数的测定方法。二、实验原理在HAc溶液中存在下列平衡：HAc⇌H++Ac-对应的平衡常数即为醋酸的解离常数：Koa=HcHHAcAcH2解离度%100