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第1讲名词MrSmithisverybusybecauseherunsseveralcompanies①.Heworkssevendays①aweekand12months②ayear.Inhissparetimehelikeswatchingfootballmatches③.Helikeseatingtomatoes④buthedoesn’teatvegetableswithleaves⑤.Hehastwopethorses⑥andheoftenridesthemwithhisfriendsonMrBlack’sfarm⑦becausehethinksthesceneryofthefarm⑧isverybeautiful.MrBlackisafriendofhis⑨,whoraisessomecows⑥andgoats⑥.[规则感悟]1.可数名词变复数①以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es;以元音字母加y结尾的名词,加-s。②以-th结尾的名词加-s。③以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/,要加-s,如stomach)。④以-o结尾加-es的单词有:英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes),其他多直接加-s。⑤以-f或-fe结尾的词,多变f或fe为v,再加-es。但也有直接加-s的单词,如:屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。2.名词的所有格⑦有生命名词,不以-s结尾的名词加-’s;以-s结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生命名词,通常用of所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词+of+名词所有格”或者“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。1.不规则变化的名词复数(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如:foot—feet脚goose—geese鹅tooth—teeth牙齿mouse—mice老鼠man—men男人woman—women女人(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如:sheep—sheep绵羊deer—deer鹿Chinese—Chinese中国人Japanese—Japanese日本人means—means方法series—series系列species—species物种crossroads—crossroads十字路口spacecraft—spacecraft航天器(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren或-en构成复数。如:child—children孩子ox—oxen公牛(4)由man,woman构成的复合名词在变成复数时,与man,woman的变化形式相同。如:gentleman—gentlemen绅士Englishman—Englishmen英国男子policeman—policemen男警察chairwoman—chairwomen女主席businessman—businessmen商人craftsman—craftsmen工匠,手艺人注意:German,human的复数形式为Germans,humans。(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如:analysis—analyses分析basis—bases基础crisis—crises危机thesis—theses论文medium—media媒介物phenomenon—phenomena现象2.复合名词的单复数变化(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如:birthday—birthdays生日blackboard—blackboards黑板bookshelf—bookshelves书架gentleman—gentlemen绅士(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如:bookworm—bookwormsson-in-law—sons-in-lawlooker-on—lookers-onpasser-by—passers-bystory-teller—story-tellers(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如:grown-up—grown-upsstandby—standbys(4)“man/woman+名词”构成的合成词变复数时,man/woman和名词均变为复数。womensingers女歌手menservants男仆人(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks,congratulations,wishes,greetings,shoes,trousers,works(著作;工厂),manners(礼貌),instructions(指导;用法说明),times(时代)等。(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有taketurnstodosth,inhighspirits,makefriendswith,shakehandswith,makepreparationsfor,make(both)endsmeet,takepainstodo等。3.名词所有格的特殊形式(1)并列的名词变所有格时,若表示不同的所有关系,则分别在两个名词后加-’s;如果表示共有关系,则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如:KateandMary’sroom凯特和玛丽共有的房间Kate’sandMary’srooms凯特和玛丽各自的房间(2)表示店铺或某人的家时,名词所有格之后的shop,house,home等常省去。如:atthedoctor’s(office)在(医生的)诊所里atthebarber’s(shop)在理发店atMrGreen’s(house)在格林先生家对点练习1.Theteamwhowonthethreeworld____________(championship)wouldalwaysgetthiscup.2.Duringthefestival,whichlaststhreeorfourdays,peoplearedressedintheirbestclothesandparticipateinavarietyofrichandcolourful____________(activity).3.Thebestsolutionmightbetofindthe__________(weakness)intheideaandtotryandstrengthenthem,ratherthanusethemsimplyasanexcuseforrejectingthewholeidea.4.Timmisandhisteamsetouttoseektheeffectsofphoneuseon____________(passer-by).5.WeusuallyexpectHollywood_______(hero)toshowuponourscreensanddefeatthebadguys.6.Hegoestothe____________(barber)tohavehishaircuteverymonth.Tolearnmoreknowledge①,Ihavetodolotsofhomework①everydayandhavenotime①tohavefun②ordohousework①.LastweekwehadanexambutIdidn’tperformwell.However,myteachersaidthatIhadmadegreatprogress②.Sothisexamisnotafailure③.Onthecontrary,itisasuccess③inaway.[规则感悟]①不可数名词没有复数形式,也不能与不定冠词连用。②fun,weather,progress,advice,information,news为永久性不可数名词,前面不能加不定冠词,也不能具体化。③抽象名词具体化:•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候,可以在前面加不定冠词,如asurprise,acomfort等。•表示“一……”的概念时,常与动词构成词组,名词前常常有形容词。如haveagoodtime,haveagoodknowledge/commandof等。1.不可数名词不可以用数目计算,多为物质名词或抽象名词,没有复数形式,常见的有:fun乐趣homework作业bread面包wealth财富progress进步equipment设备room空间weather天气work工作music音乐news新闻meat肉word消息traffic交通luck运气housework家务milk牛奶advice建议man人类orange橙汁knowledge知识furniture家具baggage/luggage行李information信息2.抽象名词与a(n)连用时,淡化了抽象概念,转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。Itisawasteoftimereadingsuchanovel.读这种小说就是浪费时间。Shemadeanapologytohermotherforherwrongdoings.她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。3.有些物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类时,可以用作可数名词。如:somecoffee一些咖啡,acoffee一杯咖啡,threecoffees三杯咖啡;somedrink一些饮料,adrink一杯饮料,threedrinks三杯饮料;hishair他的头发,afewgreyhairs几根白发;glass玻璃,aglass一个玻璃杯。对点练习1.Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular________(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.(2020·全国Ⅰ)2.Filledwith____________(curious)andhopeforthefuture,theyoungmanpackedhisbagsandleftforabigcity.1.动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-alapprove赞成→approval赞成survive幸存→survival幸存arrive到达→arrival到达;到达者;到来物refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝propose提议→proposal提议;建议-ance/appear出现→appearance出现;外貌perform表演→performance表演guide-ence指引→guidance引导;指导exist存在→existence存在prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱refer参考;查阅→reference参考;查阅depend依靠→dependence依赖;依靠-ion/-tion/-ationdirect指挥;指导→direction方向;指导expect期待→expectation期待;期望invite邀请→invitation邀请;请柬solve解决→solution解决compete竞争→competition比赛;竞争describe描述→description描写repeat重复→repetition重复explain解释→explanation解释pronounce发音→pronunciation发音-s(s)iondiscuss讨论→discussion讨论admit承认→admission承认;准许加入decide决定→decision决定-inghear听→hearing听力;听觉listen听→listening听;听力-mentachieve达到;完成→achievement成就develop发展→development发展argue争论→argument争论;论据punish惩
本文标题:专题二 第1讲 名词
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