TranslationShiftApproach

TheTranslationShiftApproachVinay&Darbelnet’smodelCatford’s“shifts”CzechwritingPopovičLevýMIkoVanLeuven-Zwart’smodelVinay&Darbelnet’smodelStylistiqueComparéedufrançaisetdel’anglais,Vinay&Darbelnet,1958/1995Directtranslation&obliquetranslation:p.56literal&freetranslation7procedures7procedures1.borrowing:p.562.calque：literaltranslation;semanticchange3.literaltranslation:Word-for-wordtranslation;mostcommon;4causesforunacceptabilityNext4.transpositionChangeofapartofspeechObligatoryoroptionalProbablythemostcommonstructuralchangecategoriesTouchstoneofagoodtranslator(p58）Definition:“avarianceoftheformofthemessage,obtainedbyachangeinthepointofview”…‘[a]translationmethodconsistingofchangingapointofview,anevocation,andoftenacategoryofthought”.someare“referredtoindictionariesandgrammarsand…regularlytaught”,othersnot“sanctionedbyusage”inthesameway.Typesofmodulation:p.58e.g.partforwhole(“towashone’shair”for“selaverlatête”)or--mostcommonly---negationoftheopposite(“forgetit!”for“n’ypensezplus!”)5.modulation6.equivalence:usefulforidioms;thesenseinsteadoftheimage7.adaptationChangingculturalreference;gameofcricketEskimo:LambofGod-SealofGodThreelevels:p.59LexiconSyntacticstructures:wordorderandthematicstructure;connectorsMessage:utteranceanditsmetalinguisticsituationServitudeandoption:obligatoryornot5steps:unitsoftranslation:lexicologicalunit+unitofthoughtThesmallestsegmentoftheutteranceExamplesNumberingtranslationunits返回BackgroundinformationforCatford’sshiftsTranslation:“thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)”.ALinguisticTheoryofTranslationCatford’sapproachtotranslationequivalenceclearlydiffersfromthatstipulatedbyNidasinceCatfordhadapreferenceforamorelinguistics-basedapproachtotranslationandthisapproachisbasedonthelinguisticworkofFirthandHalliday.Meaning：“totalnetworkofrelationsenteredintobyanylinguisticform---text,item-in-text,structure,elementofstructure,class,terminsystem---orwhateveritmaybe”．3criteriaLevelsandranks:p.60extentoftranslation:fulltranslationvs.partialtranslation)grammaticalrank:rank-boundtranslationvs.unboundedtranslation,Wordforwordtranslation,literaltranslationvs.freetranslationlevelsoflanguage:totaltranslationvs.restrictedtranslationNextSample原文It’srainingcatsanddogs.法译文(1)Ilestpleuvantchatsetchiens．(逐词翻译)(2)Ilpleutdeschatsetdeschiens．(直译)(3)Ilpleutàverse．(意译)原文Italkedtohimwithbrutalfrankness．中译文(1)我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。(2)我同他谈话时，使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。(3)我对他讲的话，虽然逆而，却是忠言。原文Hisirritationcouldnotwithstandthesilentbeautyofthenight.中译文(1)他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。(2)他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。(3)面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。•(逐词翻译)•（直译)•(意译)•(逐词翻译)•(直译)•(意译)Formalcorrespondencevs.textualequivalenceDefinition(P.60):AformalcorrespondenceisanyTLcategory(unit,class,structure,andelementofstructure)whichcanbesaidtooccupy,asnearlyaspossible,thesameplaceintheeconomyoftheTLasthegivenSLcategoryoccupiesintheSL(Catford,1969:32).Textualequivalent：“anyTLtextorportionoftextwhichisobservedonaparticularoccasion…tobetheequivalentofagivenSLtextorportionoftext.”NextCommutationofconcomitantvariation原语：Mysonissix．法语：Monfilsasixans．汉语：我的儿子六岁。原语：Yourdaughterissix.法语：Votrefilleasixans汉语：你的女儿六岁。原语：Myfatherwasadoctor.法语：Monpèreétaitdocteur.TranslationShiftsShiftmeansdeparturesfromformalcorrespondenceintheprocessofgoingfromtheSLtotheTL.(p.60)Twotypes：levelshifts，shiftsofcategoryLevelshifts：Catford(1969:73)definedlevelshiftsasasourcelanguageitematonelinguisticlevelwithatargetlanguagetranslationequivalentatadifferentlevel,i.e.phonology,graphology,grammar,andlexis.e.g.Thistextisintendedfor…Leprésentmanuels’dresseà．．．Categoryshifts4subcategories:p.61structuralshifts:themostcommonformofshiftinvolvingmostlyashiftingrammaticalstructureclassshifts:shiftsfromonepartofspeechtoanotherclass:“thatgroupingofmembersofagivenunitwhichisdefinedbyoperationinthestructureoftheunitnextorabove”Unitshifts(rankshifts):differentrank(sentence,clause,groupwordandmorpheme)Intra-systemshifts：approximatelycorrespondingsystems;non-correspondingtermNextSampleforlevelshifts(SL):Heiswritingsomepoetry.(TL):Lasedangmenulisbeberapapuisi.StructuralshiftsJohnlovesMary.＝SPC约翰爱玛丽。(主语+谓语+补足语)ThagradhaigIainairMairi．＝PSCA(谓语+主语+补足语+附加语)回译英语IsloveatJohnonMary.Marytaughtinamiddleschoollastyear.SPA1A2汉语：玛丽去年在中学教书。SA2A1PClassshifts(SL):awhitehouse(TL):unemaisonblanche(SL):Medicalstudent(adjective+noun)(TL):Mahasiswakedokteran(noun+noun)Unitshifts1.Unitword–phrase(SL):Stallion(TL):Kudajantan2.Unitphrase–word(SL):Facepack(TL):MaskerIntra-SystemShifts(SL):Shehasbeautifuleyes(TL):DiamemilikimatayangindahSingularEnglishnoun=pluralFrenchnounAdvice=desconseilsnews＝desnouvellslightning＝deséclairsapplause=desapplaudisementsPluralEnglishnoun=singularFrenchnountrousers＝Iepantalonthedishes=lavaissellethecontents＝lecontenuCatfordisverymuchcriticizedforhislinguistictheoryoftranslation.OneofthemostscathingcriticismscomesfromSnell-Hornby(1988),whoarguesthatCatford’sdefin