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1Unit1Book3FriendshipII.WordsandExpressions1.notion:n.anidea,belieforconcept*Ourmanagementsystemisbasedonthenotionsofpersonalequalityandliberty.(=Shehasnonotionofthedifficultyofthisproblem.)CF.idea,concept¬ion这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。idea最普通，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。concept指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的比较系统的概念或看法。notion指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，是未经深思熟虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。(Directions:)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)Sheseemedunfamiliarwiththe______thateveryoneshouldhaveanequalopportunity.(2)Ihaveno_____howshemanagedtodothis.(3)Ihadasilly_____thathewouldcomebackandbegmeforforgiveness.(4)Don'tgetany_____aboutrevenge.2.criterion:n.standardbywhichsth.isjudged*Thecompany’scriterionforsuccessishighsales.对一些出版商而言，评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。CF.standard&criterion这两个名词均含“标准”之意。standard指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。例如：*Allrestaurantsinthetownwithalowstandardofhygienehavebeenforcedtoclose.城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了。criterion较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。例如：*Whatarethecriteriafordecidingwhogetstheprize?评定获奖者以什么作标准。3.appropriate:adj.correctorsuitableforaparticularsituationoroccasion*Suitsarealwaysappropriateforajobinterview.(=Hisformalstyleofspeakingwasappropriatetotheoccasion.)4.thin:adj.nothavingthenecessaryqualitiestogaintheintendedresult2*Histhinattemptsurelyresultedinnothing.书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。5.classical:adj.basedonorbelongingtoanoldorestablishedsystemofprinciplesormethods,e.g.inartorscience*Dressedinballetskirt,shedancedwithaclassicalelegance.他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。6.distinguishbetween:recognizedifferencesbetween*Thetwinsaresoalikethatnoonecandistinguishbetweenthem.不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。7.utility:n.thequalityorconditionofbeinguseful;usefulness*Farmanimalshaveeconomicvaluebecauseoftheirutility.祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。8.ground:n.reason(s)orjustificationforsaying,doingorbelievingsth.*Shecan’taccepthisgroundfordivorce.(=Hehasbeenfiredfromthejobonthegroundsofincompetence.)Patterns:agound/groundsfor………的理由onthegroundsof…基于……的原因onthegroundsthat…因为……9.breakup:tocomeorbringtoanend,especiallybyseparating*Theirmarriageeventuallybrokeupduetolackofcommunication.警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗。10.pursue:vt.trytoachievesth.;continuesteadilywith;carryon*Shedecidedtopursueherstudiesafterobtainingherfirstdegree.她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。老板决定不再追查那事。Collocations:pursuesb.追求某人pursueavocation从事一份职业3pursueahobby从事一项爱好pursueagoal追求一个目标11.takepleasurein(doing)sth.:toenjoy(doing)sth.*Theaudiencetookpleasureinwatchingthegracefulskaters’dancing.老人很享受回忆往事。12.insofaras:tothedegreethat*Theymovedtothedowntownareainsofarastheycouldspendlesstimeonthewaytowork.为了能有所发现，他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究。13.regulate:vt.tocontrol,especiallybyrules;bringorderormethodto*Sweatingcanhelptoregulatethebody’stemperature.长寿的人通常饮食习惯有规律。(=Wagesandworkinghoursareregulatedbyaseriesoflaws.)Collocations:regulatethetraffic管理交通regulateexpenditure控制费用regulatethespeed调整速度regulateaclock校对时钟regulatefoodsupplies调节食物供应14.asto:onthesubjectof;concerning*Wearepuzzledastohowtheaccidenthappened.在记者招待会上他拒绝就此事发表任何评论。(=Heisveryuncertainastowhetherit'stherightjobforhim.)15.equity:n.thestate,quality,oridealofbeingjust,impartial,andfair*Thejudgmentarousedpeople’sangerforitslackofequity.大家都同意裁判员的公正裁判。16.liberality:n.thequalityorstateofbeingliberalorgenerous.4*Liberalitycontributestothesuccessofleadership.一个慷慨的人会处处受人欢迎。17.greed:n.anexcessivedesiretoacquireorpossessmorethanwhatoneneedsordeserves,especiallywithrespecttomaterialwealth(=Thelargecompany’sgreedtoswallowupitssmallercompetitorsisapparent.)我们被他们渴求知识的眼神深深触动了。18.conviction:n.afixedorstrongbelief.*It'smyconvictionthatcomplacencyisattherootofourtroubles.(=Doyoualwaysactinaccordancewithyourconvictions?)CF.belief,faith&conviction这些名词都有“相信”、“信任”之意。belief较为普通，指单纯从主观上的相信，不涉及这种相信是否有根据。例如：*Ifindhisbehaviorirresponsiblebeyondbelief.我发觉他的所作所为不负责任到了简直令人难以置信的地步。faith语气较强，强调完全相信，有时也指仅凭感觉产生的相信。例如：*Ihaven'tmuchfaithinthismedicine.我对这种药没有多大信心。conviction多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，强调其坚定性。例如：*She'dmadesuchpromisesbefore,andtheylackedconviction.她以前也作过这样的许诺,但都不足信。19.possess:vt.tohaveasone’sproperty,asaquality,etc.*Theypossesspropertyallovertheworld.他有做好这项工作必备的耐性和应变能力吗?(=Thefamilypossesseddocumentsthatprovedtheirrighttoownership.)CF:hold,own,possess&keep这些动词均有“有”、“具有”、“持有”之意。hold指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。own不及possess正式多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。possess较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具5有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。keep指长时间地保有、保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。(Directions:)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)Asaleader,he______greattact.(2)Hisfamily______agreatdealofrealestateallovertheworld.(3)Thoughhe______therestaurant,heisnotinvolvedinthemanagementofit.(4)Idon'tknowwhichismoredifficult—toearnmoneyorto_____it.20.preserve:vt.toprevent(someoneorsth.)frombeingharmedordestroyed*Motheralwaystriestopreservefamilyharmony.*Moreandmoreteenagersfailtopreservetheireyesightandwearglasses.(=Shemanageddespiteeverythingtopreservehersenseofhumor.)21.commitment:n.aresponsibilityorpromisetofollowcertainbeliefsoracertaincourseofaction*Manyyoungpeopleremainsingleforlackofcommitmenttofamilyandmarriage.我们只给忠诚而勇于承担的人丰厚的报酬。22.bind:vt.totietogethe