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中国全要素生产率估算与分析MeasurementandAnalysisofTFPinChina郑京海哥德堡大学经济系(瑞典)JinghaiZhengDepartmentofEconomicsGothenburgUniversitySweden内容提要1.生产率概念的由来2.全要素生产率的估算与拆分3.全要素生产率与企业改革4.全要素生产率与可持续经济增长5.中国省际全要素生产率增长变化的实证分析6.前苏联和亚洲四小龙的案例7.影响全要素生产率增长的因素8.中国经济增长模式的转变一、生产率概念的由来:(1)投入产出率Totalfactorproductivityistheaverageproductofallinputs,itistheratiooftheoutputtoanindexofinputs.LettheindexofinputsbedenotedasX.Thentotalfactorproductivity(TFP)isTFP=y/XDifferentiatingbothsideslogarithmicallywithrespecttotimegivesXydtXddtydlnlnTFP以成本份额加权平均IfdefineNoticeCRSunder),(TTFP)/(lnTFPtxxcxwdtydjjjj以成本在产值中的比重加权:Divisiaindex(2)生产函数与技术进步Astablerelationshipbetweenoutput,inputs,andtimeexists:Rateoftechnicalchangeisdefinedas:different.bemayandinputtheofcomponentstheandformsfunctionalsamethebenotneed),(and),(wheretTTTttXXTXftXfDivisiaindexesandrateoftechnicalchangeTotaldifferentiationofwithrespecttotimeyieldsDividingthroughbyygivesUnderprofitmaximization,outputelassticityequalsinputSharesintotalrevenue:orDivisiainputindex应用实例:技术进步与总量生产函数(Solow,1957)增长核算公式Technicalchangeisashiftintheproductionfunction(3)管理(技术)效率与全要素生产率Farrell(1957)技术效率度量一般化的Farrell技术效率度量(Førsund&Hjalmarsson,1979)数据包络分析(DEA)模型CCR模型(Charnes,Cooper,&Rhodes,1978)BCC模型(Banker,Charnes,&Cooper,1984)ADD模型(Charnes,etal,1985)DEA模型与回归模型的比较TheCCRratiomodel(inputoriented,1978)ThelineartransformationoftheCCRratioforarepresentativesolutionThedualtothelineartransformationEnvelopmentsurfacefortheinput-orientedCCRmodelTheOutput-OrientedCCRmodelSuportinghyperplanefortheoutput-orientedCCRmodelRestrictionsonparametersinDEACRS:norestrictionsVRS:Nonincreasingreturnstoscale(NIRS):CRS,NIRS,andVRSGeneralstatisticsabouttheDEAbibliographydatabase(Tavaresa,2002).DEApublicationsnumberbytype.DEApublicationsnumberbyyearAuthorstatistics二、全要素生产率的估算与拆分增长核算法(DevisiaIndex)生产函数估算法平均生产函数法(技术进步)前沿生产函数法(技术效率)Malmquist指数法拆分(paneldata)技术进步技术效率改善规模效率变化技术效率、距离函数、DEA、和Malmquist生产率指数之间的关系Technicalefficiency(Farrell,1957)Technicalprogress(Sollow,1957)Distancefunction(Shephard,1970)DEA(Charnes,Cooper,&Rhodes,1978).TFPdecomposition(Nishimizu&Page,1982)Malmquistindex(Caves,et.al,1982)MalmquistTFPindexdecomposition(Färeetal,1994)TechnicalEfficiency(1957)TechnicalProgress(1957)DistanceFunction(1970)DEA(1978)TörnqvistIndex(1976)GeometricMeanofMalmquistIndexes(1982)MalmquistIndex(1982)TFPDecomposition(1982)MalmquistTFPIndexdecomposition(1992,1994)DevisiaindexFarrellmeasureShephardCCRDiewertCCDNishimizu&PageFäreetal(FGNZ)CCDPaneldataStochasticfrontierDeterministicparametricfrontierTimetrendaroadmapMalmquist生产率指数的定义Malmquist生产率指数的拆分TheMalmquistoutput-basedindexoftotalfactorproductivityandoutputdistancefunctions生产率拆分的几何意义经验估算的实施(线性规划)模型1经验估算的实施(线性规划)模型2三、全要素生产率与企业改革(Zheng,Liu,&Bigsten,2003)六百多家国有企业(1980-1994)采用Malmquist指数法拆分生产率样本企业的技术效率普遍较低(50-70%)尽管生产率增长显著,但以技术进步为主大型国企技术进步率明显高于其他企业最佳实践企业多位于沿海地区工资激励和职工学历对生产率有促进作用ModelSelectionProcessDeterminantsoftechnicalefficiencyandbestpractice(Zheng,Liu,&Bigsten,2003)Determinantsofproductivitygrowth,efficiencychange,andtechnicalprogressProbabilityofproductivitygrowth,efficiencychange,andtechnicalprogress四、全要素生产率与可持续经济增长Solow增长模型显示在推动人均GDP增长的两个要素,资本和生产率之间,资本驱动型的增长是不可持续的。也就是说,在资本劳动比达到一定水平后,人均GDP的增长会出现停滞。尽管进一步增加储蓄率可以打破这一停滞,但经过一个时期后仍会在另一个人均GDP水平上出现新的停滞。这是由于在此类模型中人们通常假定资本的边际产出率递减。更为主要的是储蓄率不可能无限地增加。而由不断地提高生产率来带动的增长则是可持续性的。这是因为从理论上讲生产率的提高可以是无限的。TheSolow-Swan经济增长模型(withtechnicalchange)LKtALKFsdtdKL)(,1xtetA)(人均资本装备率的动态方程kntAksFkktAksFnkkdtdKLnLKdtdKLdtdLLKdtdKLdtLKdk)())(,())(,(111)/(2稳态人均收入取决于技术进步率(TFP)集约型与粗放式增长模式的区别AfewclarificationsontheconceptofTFP(G)TFPgrowthoccurswhentechnologyprogressesandefficiencyimproves.Theformerisusuallyalong-runconceptinthecontextofgrowththeory,andthelattercanbeashort-runphenomenon.AhighTFPgrowthisnotnecessarilyprofitable.TFPgrowthshouldnotbeusedasatargetineconomicplanning,butmightbeestimatedforforecastingpurpose.AhighTFPgrowthmaynotbealwaysdesirable,butoneshouldbedefinatelyworriedwithasustainedperiodoflowornegativegrowthinTFP.五、中国省际全要素生产率的实证分析改革时期的省际数据(1979-2001)Malmquist指数法1978-95年间为省际TFP高增长期(4.6%)技术进步为主1996-01年期出现省际TFP低增长期(0.6%)技术进步速度减慢、技术效率有所下降总体经济效率:工业中存在的问题PolicyburdensSub-optimalscaleinproductionLimitedcapacitytoinnovateWeakfinancialdisciplineShelteredfirmsvs.Lessfavoredfirms总体经济效率:金融系统存在的问题CreditisinsufficientlyallocatedLackofexternaldisciplineItisstillmostlystateownedLargeproportionofNon-performingloansAviciouscircle:SOEfinancialsectorSOEfinancialsector总体经济效率:省际生产的政治经济因素TwentyyearsofeconomicreforminthePRChaveresultedinafragmentedinternalmarketwithfiefdomscontrolledbylocalofficialswhoseeconomicandpoliticaltiestoprotectedindustryresemblethoseoftheLatinAmericaneconomiesofpastdecades.(Young,2000)The“Discovery”ofRecentProductivitySlowDown(Source:Hu&Zheng,StateoftheNationReprot,2004)Unit:%1952-781978-951995-20012003Population2.01.40.90.6GDP4.79.88.29.1GDPpercapita2.78.47.38.5Employment2.62.61.20.9LaborProductivity2.17.27.08.2CapitalStock11.59.311.815.8HumanCapital4.12.22.82.8CapitalProductivity-6.80.5-3.6-6.7Capitalpercapita8
本文标题:中国全要素生产率估算与分析
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