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Unit12Whatdidyoudolastweekend?SectionA1.camp(1)vi宿营;露营;扎营gocamping去野营campout野营露营(2)n.野营;帐篷;营地summercamp夏令营wintercamp冬令营2.by(1)by+地点名词表方位,在…旁边bythelake/river/tree/window/doorbythesideofthepath.在路边注:表从…旁经过,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。(2)by+时间名词到…时(已发生某事),谓语多用完成时;最晚、不迟于…,在…之前bynow/then/thistime/nextFriday/theendof/threeo`clock等。Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompleted到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。(3)by+名词表方法、方式、手段等。A.by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。按…计算,按…买(卖)bythepound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。B.by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。按…计算,按…买(卖)bytime/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。C.by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。通过…,由…,乘…bytrain/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;byland/road/sea/water/air等。(onfoot)D.by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)靠…,通过…,由…所致byskill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;bymail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。E.by+地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径,通过(某物、某地),取道…byastonebridge/thebackdoor/thefreeway/countryroads等F.by+动词ing通过…,靠…,凭…bywaiting/practing/begging/working/imitating(4)by+数量词A.表升降、增减的程度。byone-fifth/20percent/£3/twofeetB.表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。by2cm/6inches/fourfeet/nineyards/ahair`sbreadth(5)by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用bythehair/hand/arm/nose/horns;bythecollar/lape/sleeve等。Thepolicemancaughtthethiefbythearm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。Thesoldiergrabbedthechildbythecollar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。(6)by的常见短语:bymeansof/bywayof/bytheway/onebyone/stepbystep/sidebyside/shoulderbyshoulder/byoneself/bybirth/bysociety/take…bysurprise/learn…byheart/whatdoyoumeanby…/bymywatch3.last/next/this/that+时间在句中做状语时,其前不用介词4.常用do,does,did,don’t,doesn’t,didn’t代替前文提到的动词。(1)Whocleanedtheroom?Mike_____.A.wasB.doesC.isD.did(2)Idon’tthinkheissogreat,butmymother_______.(3)PetervisitedhisEnglishteacherthismorning,butTony_______.A.isn’tB.wasn’tC.doesn’tD.didn’t(4)IlikeSportsNewsverymuch._____.A.Ilike,tooB.Ido,tooC.Idon’tlike,eitherD.Idon’t,either(5)MyfatherlikesSportsNews,butmymother_____.5.as(1)adv表程度,同样地。在as...as...,notas...as...结构中的第一个as是adv,和/与...(不)一样Jackisastallashisfather.杰克和他的父亲一样高。Hedoesn'tspeakEnglishas/sofluentlyasyou.他的英语说得不如你流利。(2)prepA.如,像Theygotunitedasoneman.他们团结得像一个人一样。B.充当,作为Asawriter,hewasfamous.作为作家,他是很有名的。(3)conj常用来连接主句和状语从句A.引导时间状语从句,当...的时候,有随着...之意,与while意义相近,强调两个动作同时发生;或某事一发生,另一事立即发生。Heshoutedaloudasherranalong.他一边往前跑,一边高声地呼喊。Iwasstartledasheopenedthedoor.他一开门,我吓了一跳。B.as作连词,相当于when。Asalittleboy(Whenhewasalittleboy)hebegantolearntoplaypiano.他小时候就开始学弹钢琴。C.引导原因状语从句,因为,由于,与because的用法相近。Imuststopwritingnow,asIhaveratheralotofworktodo.我必须停笔了,因为我还有许多工作要做。D.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,正如,(如)像Asinyourcountry,wegrowwheatinthenorthandriceinthesouth.正如(像)你们国家一样,我们在北方种小麦,在南方种大米。(方式状语从句)WhenatRome,doasRomansdo.入乡随俗。(方式状语从句)E.引导让步状语从句,虽然,尽管,这时从句常用倒装语序,即把从句中的表语、状语或动词原形放在as之前。Strangeasitmayseem,itistrue.尽管这事看上去很奇怪,但却是真的。Tryashemight,Tomcouldnotgetoutofthedifficulties.不管怎样努力,汤姆还是摆脱不了困境。(4)as作关系代词。A.引导限制性定语从句,用在such...as,thesame...as,as...as结构中,像...一样的人(或物),凡是...的人(或物)HewishedtobesuchamanasLeiFengwas.他曾希望做一个像雷锋那样的人。Myhometownisnolongerthesameasitwas.我的家乡再也不像过去一样了。B.引导非限制性定语从句,用来指代它前面的整个句子(即先行句),这一点。这个分句可以位于句首、句中或句末。(5)as的固定词组的用法A.assoonas一…就引导时间状语从句。B.as/solongas只要As/Solongasyoustudyhard,you'llmakeprogress.只要你努力,你就会取得进步。C.asif/though常用来引导方式状语从句,好像,仿佛,如果从句中讲的是非真实情况,则用虚拟语气。Shelovesthechildasif/thoughhewereherown.她爱这个孩子如同爱自己的孩子。D.Asif/though也可用来引导表语从句,常用在Itappears/looks/seems...+asif/though句型结构中。Itappearsasif/thoughitisgoingtoclearup.看起来天要晴了。Itseemsasif/thoughheknewnothingaboutit.他好像对此事一无所知。E.asto关于,至于Thereisnodoubtastohishonesty.他的诚实是无可置疑的。F.asmuch/manyas多达...,达到...之多Hecanearnasmuchas5000dollarsamonth.他每月能挣5000美元。G.so/asfarasIknow就我所知在句中作插入语As/SofarasIknow,hewillcomeherenextMonday.据我所知,他将于下星期一到这里来。H.asaresult,asaresultof由于...的结果I.aswell也,还Comeearly,andbringyourbrotheraswell.早点来,把你的弟弟也带来。J.soasto,so...asto若跟动词原形,表示目的或结果。Hestudiedhardsoastopasstheexam.他努力学习以便通过考试。(表示目的)H.as……asAS+adj(原级)+ASAS+adv(原级)+ASassoonas一……就assoonaspossible尽可能快地asearlyaspossible尽可能早的ascarefullyasyoucan尽可能认真地ascarefulasyoucan尽可能认真的6.感叹句(1)what引导的感叹句what修饰n或名词短语A.What+a(an)+adj+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!Whatanapplethisis!Whatafinedayitis!B.What+adj+可数名词复数或不可数名词+主语+谓语!Whatkindwomentheyare!Whatnicemusicitis!(2)由How引导的感叹句how用来修饰adj、adv或vHow+adj(adv)+主语+谓语!Howhardtheworkerareworking!Howcleverthegirlis!Howquicklytheboyiswriting!注意:当how修饰动词时,动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。Howtherunnerruns!(3)what与how引导的感叹句,一般情况下可以相互转换,转换后意义不变。Whataninterestingstoryitis!==Howinterestingthestoryis!Whatabeautifulbuldingitis!==Howbeautifulthebuildingis!(4)在口语中,感叹句的主语和谓语常常省略。Whatanicepresent!(省略itis)Howdisappointed!(省略sheis或其它可作本句主、谓的词语)7.betiredof对....厌烦SectionB1.flyv飞行,飞;飞逝flewflewnflyakite/kites2.aswimmingpool=apoolforswimming动名词做定语表示用途或功能sittingroom起居室=livingroomreadingroom阅览室waitingroom候车室3.agobefore(1)agoadv不能单独使用时间段+ago,表示从说话时刻算起的若干时间以前,常用一般过去时Hemetherthreedaysago.他三天前碰到过她。(2)时间段+before,表示从过去某时起若干时间以前,与过去完成时连用Hesaidhehadmetherthreedaysbefore.他说他三天前碰到过她。(3)before可单独使用,且与一般过去时或现在完成时连用,表示不明确的以前。(4)beforeprep+时间点谓语可用将来时现在时(5)beforeprep表位置在…前面Hesitsbeforeme.(6)beforepr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