超高层建筑电梯设计的注意事项（PDF51页）

KeyPointsforHighRiseBuilding高层建筑注意事项A.BuildingSway大楼摇摆大楼摇摆Buildingsway大楼的构造对摇摆的影响Buildingcompositionhasanimpactonswaybehavior大楼建造方法Constructionmethod-框梁钢结构Skeletalsteelbeamframework-混凝土结构Compositeconcretestructure大楼的类型Buildingtype-结实型高层塔式建筑Massivehigh-risetower-细长型观光/广播塔式建筑Slimobservation/broadcastingtower大楼摇摆Buildingsway大楼摇摆的产生原因Reasonsforbuildingsway风力载荷Windloads-表面不平衡的压力分配表面Imbalancepressuredistribution-大楼周边的过风Windpassingaroundabuilding环境温度Ambienttemperatures-建筑的向阳面Sun-exposureofbuildings-高温下的潮湿环境Humidweatherconditionsinconnectionwithhightemperatures地震Earthquakes-电梯可以经受轻微地震，但无必要抗强震Anelevatormaysustainalightearthquake,butnotnecessarilyadevastatingone大楼摇摆Buildingsway摇摆的模式Swaymodes模式1Mode1模式2Mode2模式3Mode3模式4Mode4左右方向Leftandright前后方向Backandforth旋转/扭转Rotation/twist组合扭曲Combineddeformation大楼摇摆Buildingsway对于电梯的影响Impactonelevators当大楼摇摆是由于风载引起时WhenBuildingswayiscausedbywindloads-大楼的多种频率也许与其共振频率相符，因而导致对于井道内的设备造成损坏theswingingfrequencyofthebuildingmaycoincidewithresonances,thuscausingdamagestotheshaftequipment.-电梯井道的弯曲变形会对电梯部件造成损坏bendinganddeformationofhoistwaysmaydamageelevatorcomponents.当大楼摇摆是由于周围环境引起时,一般对电梯影响不大WhenBuildingswayiscausedbyambientisusuallynoproblemforelevators.-炎热的夏季和寒冷的冬季中的温度差异比较，冬季的温度对井道高度的影响更大temperaturedifferencesbetweenhotsummersandcoldwintersmayhaveaninfluenceonthehoistwayheight.-大楼的伸缩需要对机械部件作调整buildingshrinkagemayrequiremechanicalmeasurements.大楼摇摆Buildingsway摇摆的研究调查Swayinvestigation摇摆研究的方面Criteriaforswayinvestigation-高度超过250米的结实型高层塔式建筑Heightofmassivehigh-risebuildingsmorethan250meters-高度超过150米的细长型塔式建筑Heightofslimtowersmorethan150meters-“招风”外形的建筑„Wind-attracting“shapeofbuilding-建筑物处于已知的强风和狂风地带Buildinglocatedinareaswithknownheavywindandgusts-在招标文件中已经明确要求Requirementinthetenderspecification大楼摇摆分析Buildingswayanalyses-使用迅达电梯专家的专业工具bymeansofaSchindlerexperttool.-指定必要的机械和电气方面的措施specifytherequiredmechanicalandelectricalmeasures.大楼摇摆Buildingsway机械部件的预警措施Mechanicalprecautions大楼摇摆Buildingsway电气部件的预警措施Electricalprecautions电梯的控制系统可以识别出下列不同的电梯类型Thecontrolfeaturedistinguishesbetweenthefollowingelevatortypes-停靠大部分层站的乘客电梯或服务电梯Elevatorswithstopsatvariouslocationsthroughoutthehoistway.-穿梭电梯或快速电梯Shuttleorexpresselevators.摇摆传感器能识别出下列摇摆模式Theswaydetectordistinguishesbetweenthefollowingmodes-没有摇摆Nosway-轻微摇摆：1类警报Lowsway:Alarm1-中度摇摆：2类警报Mediumsway:Alarm2-重度摇摆：3类警报Highsway:Alarm3大楼摇摆Buildingsway结论Conclusion必须提前在项目的投标阶段，客户和迅达进行讨论，才能通过采取相应的措施来减小大楼摇摆对电梯的影响。KeyPointsforHighRiseBuilding高层建筑注意事项B.PistonEffect活塞效应活塞效应Pistoneffect什么是活塞效应Whatisthepistoneffect?-“活塞”效应在高层电梯的业务中是常用词„Pistoneffect“isacommonterminthehigh-riseelevatorbusiness-电梯轿厢相当于一个活塞挤压空气AnelevatoriscomparedtoapistonCompressedair-在高速情况下活塞效应可能成为问题Thepistoneffectmightbecomesaproblemwithhigherspeed-井道压力差来自于Pressuredifferencedependson-井道气密性Airtightnessofshaft-运行速度Travelingspeed-井道利用率Car/shaftsizeratio-轿厢外形Carshape-“活塞”效应不要与“烟囱”效应混淆Pistoneffectmaynotbeconfusedwithstackeffect高压低压运行方向背侧气流自然通风孔经过的气流机房的漏风厅门的漏风活塞效应Pistoneffect活塞效应的结果Consequencesofpistoneffect-轿厢四周的气流产生扰动，影响到乘坐质量中的轿厢噪音水平Flowingairaroundthecarcreatesturbulences,affectingridingqualitynoiselevelinthecar.-空气压力会影响到厅门运行，进而产生难听的啸叫Air-pressurewillaffectthelandingdoors,thuscreatinganunpleasedwhistle.-这些自然现象可能会对乘客产生坏的影响。作为可能的措施，降低下行速度可以减少这些影响Thesephysicaleffectsmayhaveanunpleasedimpacttothepassengers.Asapossibleconsequence,thedown-speedmayhavetobereduced.活塞效应Pistoneffect井道利用率Impactofcar-/shaftratio速度(m/s)井道利用率(-)3.00.563.50.504.00.424.0–10.0需要考虑alwaysreq.-高的压力差导致轿厢周围的空气流动速度也很快Highpressuredifferencesleadtohighairflowvelocitiesaroundthecar-电梯井道中的空气流动速度的主要参数是井道利用率RAOneofthemainparameterstodetermineairflowvelocityinelevatorshaftsistheshaftratioRA-井道利用率RA=轿厢面积Area(car+cardoor)/井道面积Area(shaft)下列RA值超过表中值时，需要加防止活塞效应措施PistoneffectmeasuresrequirediffollowingRA-valuesareexceeded活塞效应Pistoneffect减小活塞效应的措施Measurestoreduceimpactofpistoneffect为了讨论优化方案，我们需要与客户密切沟通合作Closecooperationwithcustomerisrequiredinordertodiscussoptimumsolutions.-井道间的空气槽Air-ductsbetweenshafts.-对于消防电梯，井道空气槽不可行Airductsintoshaftsoffiremenelevatorsarenotfeasible.-空气导流罩安装在轿厢顶部和底部Airfairingsontopandbottomofcar.-轿厢前壁密封Cardoorfrontsealing.-井道门盖板Shaftdoorcovering.活塞效应Pistoneffect空气槽的位置Locationofairducts(1)-空气槽可以预设在井道地坑、顶层以及中间部分Airductscanbeforeseeninshaftpits,shaftheadsandin-between.-单独井道可以与相邻井道连接起来Asingleshaftcanbeconnectedwithanadjacentshaft.-下图示意4台群控电梯井道分隔墙的空气槽布置Belowfigureshowsanintershaftairductforaquadruplexgroup,separatedintofoursingleshaftswithpartitionwalls.顶部和底部的通风Topandbottomvents顶部、底部以及中间的通风Top,bottomandintermediatevents活塞效应Pistoneffect空气槽的位置Locationofairducts(2)-对于具有分隔墙的电梯井道，顶部、中间、底部的空气槽应该尽量靠近井道后壁Forelevatorshaftsseparatedbyapartitionwall,airducts(top,intermediate,bottom)shallbeplacedclosetotherearwall(seebelowsketch).-图片显示了在高速电梯单井道中预设的典型空气槽Thepictureshowstypicalairductsinasinglehigh-speedelevatorshaft.活塞效应Pistoneffect空气槽的尺寸Sizeofairducts应该按照下面草图预留空气槽Airductsshallbemadeaccordingtobelowsketch.粗略估计，空气槽的最小尺寸需要按照下面公式计算：Asaruleofthumb,theminimumareaofairductsiscalculatedasfollows:-顶部空气槽TopairductA=0.5x轿厢宽度x轿厢深度-中部空气槽Totalofallint.airductsA=0.5x轿厢宽度x轿厢深度-底部空气槽Bo