语法——从属结构(黑白)

从属结构概念如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为其直接成分，这种现象叫做“从属”。例如：themanwithaguninhishandthemanwhowasholdingaguninhishand从属结构可以是词组（主要是介词词组），也可以是限定分句、非限定分句或无动词分句。名词词组：名词词组＋介词词组名词词组：名词词组＋关系分句限定从属分句限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句。例如：Whatcausedthefireisstillamystery.Themanwhodidtherobberyhasbeencaught.Sincethespeakercan’tcome,we’llhavetocancelthemeeting.主语，名词性分句修饰语，形容词性分句状语，副词性分句名词性分句名词性分句能在句中起名词词组的作用，可以在句中作主语、宾语、主语补语、同位语和介词补足成分。1.That从句作主语That从句是由陈述句转化而来的。正式文体中可以将它置于句首作主语，通常采用it作先行主语，将that从句放在后面。例如：Thatyoudonotlikeherhasnothingtodowithit.It’spossiblethatthere’llbeavacancy.Itisreportedthatthetroopshavealreadycrossedtheborder.2.That从句作补足语That从句也可以在系动词后作补足语，说明事实或想法。例如：Myadviceisthatyoushouldsellthecar.Theanswerissimplythattheyaren’tinterestedindoingit.3.That从句作宾语That从句最普通的用法是作某些动词的宾语。例如：Hecomplainedthathismealwascold.Evidenceindicatedthattheexperimentswereunsuccessful.少数几个介词后可以接that从句充当宾语，如exceptthat,butthat,savethat,inthat：Ipreferhisplantoyours,inthathisismorepractical.WeknownothingabouthersavethathersurnameisJones.4.That从句作同位语同位语从句用于解释说明先行词的内容，通常由that引导，除此外还可用whether,what等疑问词。例如：Wecametothedecisionthatwemustactatonce.Hemadeaproposalthatthemeetingbepostponed.thefactthat…是较常见的同位语结构，例如：Thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseverybodyintheoffice.Hewasheldresponsibleforthefactthathisdoghadbittenhisneighbor.Itisimpossibletodisguisethefactthatbusinessisbad.Thefactthat常置于句首充当主语，也可置于某些不能直接跟that从句的介词或动词之后充当宾语。5.That的省略问题That从句充当主语、补语、同位语时，一般不省略。That从句充当宾语时，如果前面的动词为常用动词，that往往可以省略，如果前面的动词为较正式、不常用的动词，that不宜省略。例如：Shesaid(that)shewasfeelingbetter.Thejudgeheldthatthechild'sinterestsinthiscasemustcomefirst.当一个句子有多个that从句充当宾语时，第一个that可以省略，但后面的that不能省略。例如：Hetoldme(that)hewouldgofishingtomorrowafternoonandthathewouldinviteMarytogowithhim.6.Whether/if从句Whether/if从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的间接问句，采用陈述句的语序。例如：Sheaskedwhether/ifIcouldspeakFrench.Shedidn’tsayshe’dgoorstayathome.Tellmeyoulikeitornot.Iamwonderingornotwewillgetthereintime.Tellmetodoit.Ididn'tknowtobelievehimornot.whether/ifwhether/ifWhether和if都可与or或ornot连用，但whether可以直接后随ornot，if不行。whetherwhetherwhetherWhether后可直接跟不定式，if不行。hewillagreeisanothermatter.Itwasuncertainhecouldcome.Thequestionispeoplewillbuyit.IworryaboutIhavelockedthedoor.Theboardwilltalkovertheproblemitshouldinvestintheprojectornot.在容易引起歧义的句子，不要用if代替whether。例如：Letmeknowifyouintendtocome.Whetherwhetherwhetherwhether充当主语、主语补语、介词宾语，引导同位语时，应该用whether，不宜用if。Ifyouintendtocome,letmeknow.Letmeknowwhetheryouintendtocome.总之，对于选择用whether还是if感到没有把握的时候，用whether总是保险的。whether7.Wh-从句Wh-从句是由特殊疑问句转化而来的间接问句，采用陈述句的语序。试翻译下列句子：他问我为什么迟到。至于你应该穿什么衣服，没有特别规定。他什么时候来取决于天气。这一切是怎么发生的对我来说是个谜。问题是我们可以从哪儿获得必需的资金。HeinquiredwhyIwaslate.（宾语）Therearenospecialrulesastowhatclothesyoushouldwear.（介词宾语）Whenhewillcomedependsontheweather.（主语）It’samysterytomehowitallhappened.（主语）Theproblemiswherewecangetthenecessaryfunds.（主语补语）形容词性分句（关系分句）副词性分句（状语分句）英语中的从属连词分类简单从属连词，如Before,since,although,because,etc.复杂从属连词Asif,aslongas,incase,etc.关联从属连词as…so,so…that,hardly…when,etc.边缘从属连词Themoment,theinstant,etc.Theinstantshesawhim,sheknewhewasherlostbrother.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyou.Becauseitwaswet,hedidn’tgooutforawalkthatday.WhathaveIdonethatyoushouldbesoangrywithme?Theteacherspeaksclearlysothathisstudentscanunderstandwell.Incaseitrains,wewon’tbeabletogothereonfoot.时间状语分句地点状语分句方式状语分句原因状语分句结果状语分句目的状语分句条件状语分句1.When,while,as三者都可以引导时间状语分句。当用来表示一件事正在进行的时候（时间分句）又发生了另外一件事（主句）时，三者可以互换使用。例如：Isawhimwhen/while/ashewaswalkinginthepark.注意要点：①While一般可用when来替代，但when并不都能用while替代。试比较：JohnarrivedIwascooking.Johnarrived,Iwascooking.heheardaknockatthedoor,heturnedonthelight.when/whileWhenWhen当时间状语分句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时，常由when引导，因为while所表达的时间通常指整个时间段或过程。②谈论两个或几个同时进行的动作时，最常用的是while。这种场合，when和as都不常用。例如：WhatwereyouthinkingaboutwhileIwasreadingthebook?Whatwereyoudoingwhilehewasgettingthedrinks?③如果表示两个短暂性动作同时发生，最常用的是(just)as，也可以用(just)when。例如：Shedroppedherglasses(just)asshestoodup.Ithoughtofit(just)whenyouopenedyourmouth.④试观察：Shegetsmoreattractiveshegrows.Thethoughtgrewthedaypassed.asas如果要说明两个正在发展或变化的情况，通常用as。2.When的特殊用法①表示一件突然的、意料之外的事情。它的构成是主句为进行时，后接when从句。例如：IwastakingawalkwhenIcameacrosshim.Iwasjustgettingintothebathwhenthetelephonerang.另一种结构是与beaboutto或beonthepointof连用。例如：Iwasabouttogotosleepwhentherewasaknockonthedoor.Iwasonthepointofleavingwhenyourang.②表示“然后”、“而后”的意思。例如：Iexpecttobetheretwodaysorso,whenIshallreturn.Shewasabankclerktillthewar,whenshetrainedasanurse.有人认为这是一种具有并列句性质的非限定性关系分句。3.Hardly/scarcely…when/before,nosooner…than我刚坐下，他就进来了。我们刚一出发，就下起了暴雨。还可以将hardly,scarcely,nosooner置于句首，但应注意倒装。例如：Ihadhardly/scarcelysatdown,when/beforehesteppedin.Wehadnosoonersetoutthanastormbroke.这两种用法中，主句动词一般用过去完成体，从句动词用一般过去时。Hardly/ScarcelyhadIsatdown,when/beforehesteppedin.Nosoonerhadwesetoutthanastormbroke.4.Assoonas,themoment/instant(that)等他们一推开门就听到说话声。（assoonas）我一眼就认出她来。（theinstant）我一接到你的口信就动身了。（themoment）我一做完工作就回家了。（directly/immediately/instantly）Theyheardvoicesassoonastheyopenedthedoor.IrecognizedhertheinstantIsawher.IstartedtheverymomentIgotyourmessage.Iwenthomedirectly/immediately/instantlyIhadf