语法ppt-从属结构(一)

InfinitiveClause(不定式分句)1–ingParticipleClause(-ing分词分句)2–edParticipleClause(-ed分词分句)3Lecture32SubordinationConstructionⅡ(丛属结构Ⅱ)PartOneInfinitiveClauseInfinitiveClauseWithoutSubjecta)★不定式的逻辑主语是隐含的：1)Ihopetoabletocome.(指“我能来”)2)Thebestthingwouldbetotelleverybody.（谁去告诉？需按上下文或情景判断）★从内在意义上看就是说话人自己：3）Tobefrank,Ithinkitmeaningless.ⅠStructureofInfinitiveClause(不定式分句的结构模式)b)InfinitiveClausewithsubject★主语通常由for引出：1)We’dbedelightedforyoutocomenextcome.(很高兴“你下星期能来”)★间或由with,ratherthan引出：2)Ratherthanyoudothejob,I’dprefertofinishitmyself.★独立结构：3)Weshallassembleat10:45,theprocessiontostartmovingatprecisely11.c)InfinitiveClausewith–wh★间或带疑问词:1)Idon’tknowwhattodo.★间或带从属连词:2)Heopenedhislipsasiftosaysomething.ⅡFunctionofInfinitiveClause（不定式分句的句法功能）1)ToacceptthejobwouldmeanmovingtoFlorida.(作主语)2)Bruno’sintentionwastowinthegame.（作主补）3)Hepromisedtostoptakingdrugs.（作宾语）4)Iadvisedhimtotakeataxi,orhemightbelate.（作宾补）1)Shestooduptobeseenbetter.(表目的)=Shestoodupsothatshecouldbeseenbetter.2)Hegottostationonlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.(表结果)3)Hewasluckytohavefoundthelostchild.（表原因）PartTwo–ingParticipleClausea)–ingParticipleClausewithoutsubjectandsubordinator★在特定的上下文或情景中判断:1)Oneofmybadhabitsisbitingnails★成为固定用语，其逻辑主语有时是说话人，有时泛指人们:2)Judgingfromwhatyousay,hehasdonehisbest.b)–ingParticipleClausewithsubordinator★带从属连词时，分词的逻辑主语通常是主句的主语:1)Whensleeping,Ineverbearathing.ⅠStructureof–ingParticipleClause（--ing分词分句的结构模式）c)–ingParticipleClausewithsubject★-ing分词分句也能带自己的主语，如：1)Myparentsobjecttome/mygoingoutalone.(作宾语时)2)I’mannoyedaboutjohn/john’sforgettingtopay.（作介词不足成分）3)It’snouseyourpretendingtobedeaf.（作主语时）4)Thereporthavingbeenread,alivelydiscussionbegan.（为独立结构时）ⅡFunctionof–ingParticipleClause（-ing分词分句的句法功能）★-ing分词分句与不定式分句无意义区别时：1)Flyingaplaneisdangerous.(作主语)Toflyaplaneisdangerous.2)Ilikegettingupearly.(作宾语)Iliketogetupearly.3)Ourdutyisservingthepeopleheartandsoul.(作主补)Ourdutyistoservingthepeopleheartandsoul4)ItaughthimspeakingEnglish.(作宾补)ItaughthimtospeakEnglish.★意义略有不同时：1)Ihatetellingalie.(泛指一般人)Ihatetotellalie.（特指主语I）2)Inoticedanoldmancrossingtheroad.(表动作正在进行，非全过程)Inoticedanoldmancrosstheroad.（表动作以完成，指全过程）★-ing分词作状语时：1)Climbingtothetopofthetower,wesawamagnificentview.(作时间状语)2)Havingworkedhardallday,Iwasreadyforbedby8:00.（作原因状语）3)Youwillmakeyourselfmoretired,keepingonyourfeet.=ifyoukeeponyourfeet（作条件状语）4)Knowingallthis,theystillinsistedonmypayingforthedamage.（作让步状语）5)Itrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthatarea.（作结果状语）6)Heranuptoher,breathingheavily.（作伴随状语）PartThree–edParticipleClauseⅠStructureof–edParticipleClause（-ed分词分句的结构模式）a)–edParticipleClausewithoutsubjectandsubordinator★逻辑主语有上下文判定：1）Coveredwithconfusion,shehurriedlylefttheroom.b)–edParticipleClausewithsubordinator★这里所说的从属连词可以是when,though,although,asif/asthough,if,evenif,once,unless,until等，如：1)Thisdictionarywilllooknicewhenprinted.2)Donotleavethebuildingunlessinstructed.c)–ingParticipleClausewithsubject★-ed分词本身也能带有自己的主语：1)Thejobfinished,wewenthomestraightly.★也可视为省略了being或havingbeen,如：2)Myworkdone(=Myworkbeingdone),Iwentbed.★带有自己的主语，即独立结构，有时可由with引出,如:3)Withthetreegrowntall,wegotmoreshade.ⅡFunctionof–edParticipleClause（-ed分词分句的句法功能）★-ed分词作后置修饰语，如：1)Oneofthehousewreckedbythestormbelongedtomyfather.(后置修饰语)★-ed分词作状语，如：1)Heated,themetalexpands.（作时间状语）2)Deeplymoved,hethankedheragainandagain.（作原因状语）3)United,westand;divided,wefall.（作条件状语）4)Lefttohisowndevice,Charlesdidnotrelaxhisefforts.（作让步状语）5)HewenttoBeijingthatthatwinter,disguisedasamerchant.（作伴随状语）32.4无动词分句无动词分句实际上是一种省略结构。所谓”无动词”是因为这种分句结构既没有限定动词词组也没有非限定动词词组作谓语动词。因此，它既不同于限定分句，也不同于非限定分句。无动词分句基本上属于SVC句型，只是动词不表示出来，主语也通常不表示出来。1无动词分句的结构模式无动词分句，就结构模式来说，分为不带从属连词，带有从属连词和带有自己主语的三类。不带从属连词的无动词分句这类无动词分句可由形容词词组表示：Speechless,VictorHenrynoddedandsatonafoldingseatBigandfat,shewenttoMasseverymorning.Rightorwrong,Ihavegivenhimapieceofmind.还可由名词词组表示：Anexcellentspeaker,hewasneveratalossforaword.14b)带有从属连词的无动词分句这类无动词分句又有四种形式，看、即从属连词+名词词组：Whenstillaboyofsix,Bobwassentawayfromhome.从属连词+形容词词组：Althoughalwayshelpful,hewasnotmuchlikedbypeople.从属连词+介词词组：WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.从属连词+副词词组：Hespokeungraciously,ifnotrudely.c)带有自己主语的无动词分句带有自己主语的无动词分句也是一种“独立结构”。这种无动词分句通常由名词词组+名词词组/介词词组/形容词词组/副词词组构成。例如：Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.Helookedup,annoyanceonhisface.MiriamlookedatMarryhiseyesfullofdoubtanddiscomfort.Breakfastover,hewenttohiscountinghouse.2无动词分句的句法功能无动词分句可在句中作名词修饰语和状语。作主语，无动词分句可表示时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，方式或伴随状况等意义。例如：Youmusteatwhenfresh.Thecardboardislight-proofwherethick.Ithaslittletaste,unlesshot.Therehestood,atrayineachhand.无动词分句作名词修饰语通常相当于一个非限定性关系分句。例如：Hishands,numbfromthecold,couldnotfindthekey.AfellowGeorgian,Jordanwaswell-knownasafriendofthePresident.关于“独立结构”1，“独立结构”的实质和类型所谓“独立结构”实质上就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。如前所述，非限定分句和无动词分句通常是以主句的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法管它叫做“独立结构”。其实，所谓“独立结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句。“独立结构”，按其结构形式，分为不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”，通常在分句中起状语分句的作用。举例：Anumberofofficialsfollowedtheemperor,sometoholdhisrobe,otherstoadjusthisgirdle,andsoon.Hewentoff,guninhand.Thefloorbeingwetandslipper