生物产业机械生物产业机械

„„„„„„WhatisBiodiversity?WhatisBiodiversity?Mostdefinitionsofbiodiversityinvolveaformulathatincludesnotonlythenumberofspeciesinaplace,buttheabundances(absoluteorrelative)ofthosespecies,aswell.TheSimpsonbiodiversityindex:AnimalsAnimalsBearsBearsPlants,River&BirdsPlants,River&BirdsInsectsInsectsHumanHuman„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1.1.„„2.2.„„3.3.()„„1.1.„„2.2.„„3.3.CanwaterdisappearfromtheCanwaterdisappearfromthefaceofaplanet?faceofaplanet???„„„„„„PhytotechnologyPhytotechnology„„„„(())„„„„??„„„„DefinitionofbiotechnologyDefinitionofbiotechnology„„ThesimplestdefinitionofbiotechnologyisappliedThesimplestdefinitionofbiotechnologyisappliedbiology.Theapplicationofbiologicalknowledgeandbiology.Theapplicationofbiologicalknowledgeandtechniquestodevelopproducts.techniquestodevelopproducts.„„ItmaybefurtherdefinedastheuseoflivingorganismsItmaybefurtherdefinedastheuseoflivingorganismstomakeaproductorrunaprocess.Bythisdefinition,tomakeaproductorrunaprocess.Bythisdefinition,theclassictechniquesusedforplantandanimaltheclassictechniquesusedforplantandanimalbreeding,fermentationandenzymepurificationwouldbreeding,fermentationandenzymepurificationwouldbeconsideredbiotechnology.beconsideredbiotechnology.„„SomepeopleusethetermonlytorefertonewertoolsofSomepeopleusethetermonlytorefertonewertoolsofgeneticscience.Inthiscontext,biotechnologymaybegeneticscience.Inthiscontext,biotechnologymaybedefinedastheuseofbiotechnicalmethodstomodifythedefinedastheuseofbiotechnicalmethodstomodifythegeneticmaterialsoflivingcellssotheywillproducenewgeneticmaterialsoflivingcellssotheywillproducenewsubstancesorperformnewfunctions.substancesorperformnewfunctions.„„(1)(1)„„(2)(2)„„„„„„(3)(3)„„„„AncientplowsAncientplowsInventionoftheWheelInventionoftheWheel(4)(4)„„„„„„19791979Waterwheel,mills&steamWaterwheel,mills&steam(5)(5)„„17931793(EliWhitney)(EliWhitney)„„„„(Bessemer(BessemerProcess)Process)ElliWhitney(1793)ElliWhitney(1793)WhatistheBessemerProcess?WhatistheBessemerProcess?„„FirstcheapmethodofmakingFirstcheapmethodofmakingsteelsteel,inventedby,inventedbyHenryBessemerinEngland1856.IthassinceHenryBessemerinEngland1856.Ithassincebeensupersededbymoreefficientsteelbeensupersededbymoreefficientsteel--makingmakingprocesses,suchastheprocesses,suchasthebasicoxygenbasicoxygenprocessprocess.In.IntheBessemerprocesscompressedairisblowntheBessemerprocesscompressedairisblownintothebottomofaconverter,afurnaceshapedintothebottomofaconverter,afurnaceshapedlikeacementmixer,containingmoltenpigiron.likeacementmixer,containingmoltenpigiron.Theexcesscarbonintheironburnsout,otherTheexcesscarbonintheironburnsout,otherimpuritiesformaslag,andthefurnaceisimpuritiesformaslag,andthefurnaceisemptiedbytilting.emptiedbytilting.(6)(6)„„(JohnDeere)(JohnDeere)„„(McCormick)(McCormick)„„(Otto)(Otto)„„18931893(RudolfDiesel)(RudolfDiesel)„„19301930McCromickMcCromickReaper(1852Reaper(1852--1865)1865)(7)(7)„„„„(8)(8)„„——„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„酶酶„„„„„„„„„„XX„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„酶酶„„!!