大学英语专业语言学重点概念复习

术语解释：Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Linguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificandsystematicstudyoflanguage.Designfeatures（甑别性特征）:DesignfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationArbitrariness(任意性):ItmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsProductivity/creativity(创造性）:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethecon-structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Recursiveness(递归性）:accordingtosomelinguistictheories,thecapacitythatenablesthegrammarofalanguagetoproduceaninfinitenumberofsentences.Culturaltransmission（文化传递性）：Itreferstothefactthatthedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanewbyeachspeaker.Languageisnottransmittedbiologicallyfromgenerationtogeneration.Interchangeability(可交替性）：meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandreceiverofmessages.Displacement（移位性）:Displacementmeansthathumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Duality（二元性）:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Informative(信息功能）:Theuseoflanguagetorecordfactstostatewhatthingsarelike,andtoexchangeinformation.InterpersonalFunction(人际功能）:Itisthemostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Performative(行为功能）:Languagecanbeusedtodothings,tochangethesocialstatusortheimmediatestateofaffairsofpeople.EmotiveFunction(情感功能）：Languagecanbeusedtoexpresstheemotionalstateofthespeaker.PhaticCommunion(交流功能）:Thisfunctionreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations.Ritualexchange:exchangethathavelittlemeaningbuthelptomaintainourrelationshipswithotherpeople.RecreationalFunction(娱乐功能）:theuseoflanguagetohavefun.MetalingualFunction(元语言功能）：languagecanbeusedtoexplainordescribeitselforotherlanguages.研究语言学坚持的原则：Exhaustiveness穷尽性Consistency一致性Economy经济性Objectivity客观性Phonetics（语言学）:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics./thecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidemethodsfortheirdescription,classification,transcriptionPhonology(音韵学):Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunication.Morphology（形态学）:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Syntax（句法）:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax./therulegoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentencesSemantics（语义学）:Itstudieshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage./Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Pragmatics(语用学):Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学）:theinterdisciplinarystudyoflanguage.Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.AnthropologicalLinguistics(人类语言学）:Itmainlyconcernedwiththechangeoflanguage,thedifferentbetweenlanguageinthepastandinthepresent,anditsevolution.ComputationalLinguistics(计算机语言学）:aninterdisciplinarybranchofstudyinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareappliedoftenwiththeaidofacomputer.Appliedlinguistics（应用语言学）:Findinginlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学）：Itstudiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Descriptive(描述的）:Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalysethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive(规定的）：Itaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage.Competence（能力）:Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealspeaker'sknowledgeoftheunderlyingsystemofrulesinalanguage,Performance(表现）:referstotheactualuseofthelanguagebyaspeakerinarealcommunicationalcontext.Synchronic(共时性）：studyoflanguagetakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Itreferstothedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic(历时性）：studyexamineslanguagethroughthecourseoftime.Itstudiesthedevelopmentorhistoryoflanguage.Inotherwords,itreferstothedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.langue（语言）:referstothespeaker'sunderstandingandknowledgeofthelanguagethathespeaks.It'sasocialphenomenon,anabstractionsharedbyallthememberswithinaspeechcommunity.Parole（言语）:Parolereferstotheactualspeakingoflanguagebyanindividualspeaker.It'sanindividuallinguisticphenomenon.Differences:Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisrelativelystable,whileParolevariesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.Langueisabstract;Paroleisconcrete.第二章Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）:isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphonetics（听觉发音学）:isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.Auditory/Perceptualphonetics（感知语音学）:isconcernedwiththeperceptionof…SpeechOrgans（发音器官）:Organsinhumanbodywhosesecondaryuseisintheproductionofspeechsounds.Internationalphoneticalphabet（国际音标）:Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacc