语言学(名词解释+论述)

第一章：语言与语言学名词解释Language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunicationDesignfeatures:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals(include:Arbitrariness,Duality,Creativity,Displacement)Arbitrariness:referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.Differentlevelsofarbitrariness:thesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning,atthesyntacticlevel,arbitrarinessandconvention(thelinkbetweenthelinguisticsignanditsmeaning)例子：differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectsDuality:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsofprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofsecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.Creativity:languageisresourcefulbecauseoftheitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Displacement:humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.Theoriginoflanguage了解Function:therolelanguageplaysincommunicationorinparticularsocialsituations.Functionsoflanguage:Jakobson:referential(toconveymessageandinformation),poetic(toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake),emotive(toexpressfeelingsandattitudes),conative(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughdemandsandrequests),phatic(toestablishcommunicationwithothers),metalingualfunction(toclearupmeaningsandintentions)Halliday:metafunctionsoflanguage:ideational(informative),interpersonal,textualfunctionsInformativefunction:languagehasthefunctiontoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.Interpersonalfunction:languagehasthefunctiontoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.Textualfunction:languagehasthefunctiontomakeanyspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherenttext.Basicfunction:informative,interpersonal,performative(changethesocialstatusofpeople.{论述：suchasinmarriageceremonies,theblessingofachild...theperformativefunctioncanbeextendedtothecontrolofreality例子：breakabowl--suisuipingan},emotive(languageisusedtocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearers),phatic(expressionthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations/establishanatmosphere),recreational(theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit)metalingualfunction(thelanguageusedfortalkingaboutlanguageLinguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguageFourprinciples:exhaustiveness,consistency,economy,objectivityMicrolinguistics(mainbranches)主要参照每章节对应的名词解释Phonetics:studiesthespeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thesoundsofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofthespeechsounds.Phonology:studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundMorphology:studiesthesmallestmeaningunitsinalanguageandlooksintothewaythemorphologyarearrangedtoformwords.Syntax:studiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentencesSemantics:studieshowmeaningisencodedinalanguagePragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutteranceinparticularsituationbecausemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.Macrolinguistics:主要参照每章节对应的名词解释Sociallinguistics:studiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsocietyAnthropologicallinguistics:usetheoriesofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtohumanculturalpatternsandbeliefs.Psycholinguistics:studiestheinterrelationbetweenlanguageandmind(论述：inthepsycholinguisticstudyofgrammar,thepsycholinguisticconstraintsontheformofgrammarareexamined.Italsostudieslanguagedevelopmentinthechild,suchastheoriesoflanguageacquisition,biologicalfoundationoflanguage,andtherelationbetweenlanguageandcognition.)Computationallinguistics:theuseofthecomputersandcomputertechniquestodofurtherresearchDistinctionsoflinguisticsDescriptiveVSPrescriptiveDescriptive:describehowthingsarePrescriptive:prescribehowthingsoughttobeSynchronicVSDiachronic(Saussure)Synchronic:thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeDiachronic(historical):thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeLangueVSParole(Saussure)Langue:theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunityParole:therealizationoflanguageinactualuseCompetenceVSPerformance(Chomsky)Competence:users’knowledgeoftherulesofthelanguagePerformance:theactualrealizationofusers’knowledgeoftherulesofthelanguagelinguisticpotential:thesetofpossibilityfordoing了解actuallinguisticbehavior:whataspeakeractuallysaysonaparticularsituationtoaparticularindividualiswhatheselectedfromthemanypossiblethingshecouldhavesaid了解Lyons:linguisticsisempirical了解论述thediscrepancybetweencompetenceandperformance1.thediscrepancybetweenthecompetenceandperformanceisdrawnbyChomsky2.Thedefinitionofcompetenceandperformance3.Aspeaker'scompetenceisstable,buthisperformanceisinfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Apersonmaymakegrammaticalmistakesinspeech,butthatdoesnotmeanthathedoesnotknowtherules.4.Chomskythinksthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence,becausethespeaker’sperformanceistoohaphazardtobestudied.2.Trafficlightsystemandhumanlanguagesystem相似：belongtothelanguagesystemandbothcanconveyinformationtohumanbeings不同：Humanlanguagereferdualityasthefactthatonefindstwolevelsofstructure.Athigherlev